{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377107208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104834","title":"Multi-Branch Attention Learning for Bone Age Assessment with Ambiguous Label","display_name":"Multi-Branch Attention Learning for Bone Age Assessment with Ambiguous Label","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377107208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104834","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104834","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4834/pdf?version=1684314715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4834/pdf?version=1684314715","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101946078","display_name":"Bishi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9868-1083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bishi He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation (School of Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation (School of Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101723035","display_name":"Zhe Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1647-8100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation (School of Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation (School of Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366115","display_name":"Dong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5436-6177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation (School of Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation (School of Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112962352","display_name":"Yuanjiao Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanjiao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation (School of Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation (School of Artificial Intelligence), Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101946078"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.6225,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85203776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"10","first_page":"4834","last_page":"4834"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9797999858856201,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9697999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.649527370929718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6246591806411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bone-age","display_name":"Bone age","score":0.6028555035591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5980877876281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4582480788230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4147849678993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.21288332343101501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.649527370929718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6246591806411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89551170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777274","display_name":"Bone age","level":2,"score":0.6028555035591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5980877876281738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4582480788230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4147849678993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21288332343101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000095225","descriptor_name":"East Asian People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000095225","descriptor_name":"East Asian People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000095225","descriptor_name":"East Asian People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001842","descriptor_name":"Bone and Bones","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001842","descriptor_name":"Bone and Bones","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001842","descriptor_name":"Bone and Bones","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002681","descriptor_name":"China","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002681","descriptor_name":"China","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002681","descriptor_name":"China","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004700","descriptor_name":"Endocrine System Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004700","descriptor_name":"Endocrine System Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004700","descriptor_name":"Endocrine System Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008659","descriptor_name":"Metabolic Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008659","descriptor_name":"Metabolic Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008659","descriptor_name":"Metabolic Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104834","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4834/pdf?version=1684314715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37430748","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10221871","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10221871","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10221871/pdf/sensors-23-04834.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06e61f60de634811b1762fb736568247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06e61f60de634811b1762fb736568247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 10, p 4834 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/10/4834/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 10; Pages: 4834","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104834","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104834","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4834/pdf?version=1684314715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377107208.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1971019293","https://openalex.org/W1989831107","https://openalex.org/W2008561033","https://openalex.org/W2018148790","https://openalex.org/W2028138594","https://openalex.org/W2034215065","https://openalex.org/W2059115408","https://openalex.org/W2061800045","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2144506857","https://openalex.org/W2162206900","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2330485005","https://openalex.org/W2546410677","https://openalex.org/W2592765733","https://openalex.org/W2766766852","https://openalex.org/W2891282333","https://openalex.org/W2899089509","https://openalex.org/W2903408278","https://openalex.org/W2952975261","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2979871943","https://openalex.org/W2980027842","https://openalex.org/W3009813469","https://openalex.org/W3014091416","https://openalex.org/W3022726342","https://openalex.org/W3089347471","https://openalex.org/W3096025676","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3097323383","https://openalex.org/W3108582022","https://openalex.org/W3180883433","https://openalex.org/W4221042498","https://openalex.org/W4226263565","https://openalex.org/W4311367151","https://openalex.org/W6685203184","https://openalex.org/W6764051988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380075502","https://openalex.org/W4223943233","https://openalex.org/W4312200629","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4380086463","https://openalex.org/W4225161397","https://openalex.org/W3014300295","https://openalex.org/W3164822677","https://openalex.org/W2795261237"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bone":[0,168],"age":[1,61,75],"assessment":[2],"(BAA)":[3],"is":[4,88],"a":[5,73,134],"typical":[6],"clinical":[7],"technique":[8],"for":[9,83],"diagnosing":[10],"endocrine":[11],"and":[12,46,51,90,110,139,165,182],"metabolic":[13],"diseases":[14],"in":[15,43,63,189],"children's":[16,190],"development.":[17],"Existing":[18],"deep":[19],"learning-based":[20],"automatic":[21],"BAA":[22,47,191],"models":[23,55],"are":[24],"trained":[25],"on":[26,78,155,160,184],"the":[27,41,79,147,162,166,180],"Radiological":[28],"Society":[29],"of":[30,117,133,150],"North":[31],"America":[32],"dataset":[33,76,164,171],"(RSNA)":[34],"from":[35,107],"Western":[36,52],"populations.":[37,65],"However,":[38],"due":[39],"to":[40,59,92,145],"difference":[42],"developmental":[44],"process":[45],"standards":[48],"between":[49],"Eastern":[50,64],"children,":[53],"these":[54],"cannot":[56],"be":[57],"applied":[58],"bone":[60,74],"prediction":[62],"To":[66],"address":[67],"this":[68,70,101],"issue,":[69],"paper":[71],"collects":[72],"based":[77,153],"East":[80],"Asian":[81],"populations":[82],"model":[84],"training.":[85],"Nevertheless,":[86],"it":[87],"laborious":[89],"difficult":[91],"obtain":[93],"enough":[94],"X-ray":[95],"images":[96],"with":[97,126,179,186],"accurate":[98],"labels.":[99,157],"In":[100],"paper,":[102],"we":[103,121],"employ":[104],"ambiguous":[105,127],"labels":[106,116,128],"radiology":[108],"reports":[109],"transform":[111],"them":[112],"into":[113],"Gaussian":[114],"distribution":[115],"different":[118],"amplitudes.":[119],"Furthermore,":[120],"propose":[122],"multi-branch":[123],"attention":[124,141],"learning":[125],"network":[129],"(MAAL-Net).":[130],"MAAL-Net":[131],"consists":[132],"hand":[135],"object":[136],"location":[137],"module":[138,144],"an":[140],"part":[142],"extraction":[143],"discover":[146],"informative":[148],"regions":[149],"interest":[151],"(ROIs)":[152],"only":[154],"image-level":[156],"Extensive":[158],"experiments":[159],"both":[161],"RSNA":[163],"China":[167],"Age":[169],"(CNBA)":[170],"demonstrate":[172],"that":[173],"our":[174],"method":[175],"achieves":[176],"competitive":[177],"results":[178],"state-of-the-arts,":[181],"performs":[183],"par":[185],"experienced":[187],"physicians":[188],"tasks.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}