{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377041878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104811","title":"EM and SAGE Algorithms for DOA Estimation in the Presence of Unknown Uniform Noise","display_name":"EM and SAGE Algorithms for DOA Estimation in the Presence of Unknown Uniform Noise","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377041878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104811","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104811","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4811/pdf?version=1684291452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4811/pdf?version=1684291452","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008186216","display_name":"Ming-yan Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-1498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Yan Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-1498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044630013","display_name":"Bin Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5077-2576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education in Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5077-2576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education in Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor Network Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008186216"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.5617,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62139051,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"10","first_page":"4811","last_page":"4811"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.7789566516876221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.6597781777381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.589970588684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5763615369796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5711591243743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5320514440536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5310716032981873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.49105405807495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.43962565064430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.42848607897758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31171345710754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.23155957460403442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.17030751705169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12326931953430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09583398699760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08606970310211182}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.7789566516876221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6597781777381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.589970588684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5763615369796753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5711591243743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5320514440536499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5310716032981873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.49105405807495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.43962565064430237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.42848607897758484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31171345710754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.23155957460403442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.17030751705169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12326931953430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09583398699760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08606970310211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104811","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4811/pdf?version=1684291452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37430724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10223504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10223504","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10223504/pdf/sensors-23-04811.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4c7f58308fea4e8995be5b893fc257a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4c7f58308fea4e8995be5b893fc257a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 10, p 4811 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/10/4811/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 10; Pages: 4811","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104811","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104811","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4811/pdf?version=1684291452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2122865250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NJUZDS 2022-008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","funder_display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323268","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377041878.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834265579","https://openalex.org/W1963874202","https://openalex.org/W1967639437","https://openalex.org/W2006035071","https://openalex.org/W2024476015","https://openalex.org/W2025301208","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2053742104","https://openalex.org/W2075721610","https://openalex.org/W2116414176","https://openalex.org/W2140728947","https://openalex.org/W2148982591","https://openalex.org/W2149755721","https://openalex.org/W2152524816","https://openalex.org/W2154191559","https://openalex.org/W2158536589","https://openalex.org/W2158541895","https://openalex.org/W2161623414","https://openalex.org/W2162654459","https://openalex.org/W2320827350","https://openalex.org/W2535477605","https://openalex.org/W2924119777","https://openalex.org/W3144016868","https://openalex.org/W3196217814","https://openalex.org/W4224935888","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4311763873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100179986","https://openalex.org/W2182183508","https://openalex.org/W2004966695","https://openalex.org/W4229030031","https://openalex.org/W1571522380","https://openalex.org/W2116244421","https://openalex.org/W2784269077","https://openalex.org/W4235995132","https://openalex.org/W2383108888","https://openalex.org/W4292227108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"existing":[1],"expectation":[2],"maximization":[3],"(EM)":[4],"and":[5,41,104,112,121],"space-alternating":[6],"generalized":[7],"EM":[8,52,89,103,120],"(SAGE)":[9],"algorithms":[10,28,66,106,123],"are":[11,29,45,67,78],"only":[12],"applied":[13],"to":[14,56,69],"direction":[15],"of":[16,76],"arrival":[17],"(DOA)":[18],"estimation":[19,33],"in":[20,34],"known":[21],"noise.":[22,37],"In":[23,47],"this":[24],"paper,":[25],"the":[26,39,57,71,74,88,95,98,102,108,113,119,125,135,139,143,147,153],"two":[27],"designed":[30],"for":[31,107,124,146],"DOA":[32],"unknown":[35],"uniform":[36],"Both":[38],"deterministic":[40,109,148],"random":[42,126,140],"signal":[43,110,127,141,149],"models":[44],"considered.":[46],"addition,":[48],"a":[49],"new":[50],"modified":[51],"(MEM)":[53],"algorithm":[54,90,100,115,145],"applicable":[55],"noise":[58],"assumption":[59],"is":[60],"also":[61],"proposed.":[62],"Next,":[63],"these":[64],"EM-type":[65],"improved":[68],"ensure":[70],"stability":[72],"when":[73],"powers":[75],"sources":[77],"not":[79],"equal.":[80],"After":[81],"being":[82],"improved,":[83],"simulation":[84,130],"results":[85,131],"illustrate":[86],"that":[87,133],"has":[91],"similar":[92],"convergence":[93],"with":[94],"MEM":[96,105,122],"algorithm,":[97],"SAGE":[99,114,144],"outperforms":[101],"model,":[111,142],"cannot":[116],"always":[117],"outperform":[118],"model.":[128],"Furthermore,":[129],"show":[132],"processing":[134],"same":[136],"snapshots":[137],"from":[138],"model":[150],"can":[151],"require":[152],"fewest":[154],"computations.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
