{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381943090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104749","title":"Design and Optimization of Multi-Stage TMR Sensors for Power Equipment AC/DC Leakage Current Detection","display_name":"Design and Optimization of Multi-Stage TMR Sensors for Power Equipment AC/DC Leakage Current Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381943090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104749","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430662"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104749","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4749/pdf?version=1684144106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4749/pdf?version=1684144106","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056171696","display_name":"Xiaoxu Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxu Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066204015","display_name":"Xuetao Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8505-9997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuetao Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100642221","display_name":"Wei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-0779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026189788","display_name":"Yameng Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yameng Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049887447","display_name":"Yida Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5675-582X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongfu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102853925","display_name":"Pengcheng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8955-8961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengcheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012940916","display_name":"Xudong Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4740-3677"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company Ultra High Voltage Branch, Chongqing 400039, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company Ultra High Voltage Branch, Chongqing 400039, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653337","display_name":"Chuanxiang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3471-4656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanxiang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100695183","display_name":"Jingang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4771-9456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100695183"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.3375,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88784328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"10","first_page":"4749","last_page":"4749"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12692","display_name":"Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12692","display_name":"Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12510","display_name":"Magneto-Optical Properties and Applications","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-sensor","display_name":"Current sensor","score":0.640679121017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-interference","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","score":0.5849471688270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5226978063583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistance","display_name":"Magnetoresistance","score":0.5053520798683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4757130742073059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-current","display_name":"Direct current","score":0.44073206186294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-measurement","display_name":"System of measurement","score":0.4238315224647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4160228371620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.35121652483940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.2166527807712555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19185367226600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.16884610056877136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55000061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24894777","display_name":"Current sensor","level":3,"score":0.640679121017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.5849471688270569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5226978063583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117958382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58347","display_name":"Magnetoresistance","level":3,"score":0.5053520798683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4757130742073059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776620479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159241","display_name":"Direct current","level":3,"score":0.44073206186294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.4238315224647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4160228371620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.35121652483940125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.2166527807712555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19185367226600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.16884610056877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104749","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4749/pdf?version=1684144106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37430662","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10224531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10224531","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10224531/pdf/sensors-23-04749.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6a5601e5042c45bc9702ab16843bd8cb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6a5601e5042c45bc9702ab16843bd8cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 10, p 4749 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/10/4749/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 10; Pages: 4749","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104749","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4749/pdf?version=1684144106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381943090.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965245884","https://openalex.org/W1986691779","https://openalex.org/W2038440753","https://openalex.org/W2057158781","https://openalex.org/W2060798601","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2070276299","https://openalex.org/W2101474368","https://openalex.org/W2119370132","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2127394451","https://openalex.org/W2328119451","https://openalex.org/W2574664751","https://openalex.org/W2760526707","https://openalex.org/W2778726590","https://openalex.org/W2791560693","https://openalex.org/W2801472138","https://openalex.org/W2895271061","https://openalex.org/W2919859964","https://openalex.org/W2944907293","https://openalex.org/W2998493397","https://openalex.org/W3011551823","https://openalex.org/W3024603818","https://openalex.org/W3033657133","https://openalex.org/W3037547543","https://openalex.org/W3081274219","https://openalex.org/W3142151815","https://openalex.org/W3156099773","https://openalex.org/W3171110989","https://openalex.org/W4238454272","https://openalex.org/W4285505552","https://openalex.org/W4292406520","https://openalex.org/W4293370532","https://openalex.org/W4296326246","https://openalex.org/W6668151648","https://openalex.org/W6776735027"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193331098","https://openalex.org/W992924612","https://openalex.org/W2344947612","https://openalex.org/W2376108318","https://openalex.org/W2352991256","https://openalex.org/W2150288630","https://openalex.org/W2898790452","https://openalex.org/W4313229716","https://openalex.org/W1973813992","https://openalex.org/W2394451780"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tunnel":[0],"magnetoresistance":[1],"(TMR)":[2],"can":[3,189],"measure":[4],"weak":[5,64],"magnetic":[6,34,78,111],"fields":[7],"and":[8,36,40,72,81,169,194],"has":[9,140],"significant":[10],"advantages":[11],"for":[12,22],"use":[13],"in":[14,45,196],"alternating":[15],"current/direct":[16],"current":[17,20,27,138],"(AC/DC)":[18],"leakage":[19],"sensors":[21,28],"power":[23],"equipment;":[24],"however,":[25],"TMR":[26,53,63,87,137,187],"are":[29,43,89],"easily":[30],"perturbed":[31],"by":[32],"external":[33,183,201],"fields,":[35],"their":[37],"measurement":[38,41,55,70,79,142,156,164,173,192],"accuracy":[39],"stability":[42,195],"limited":[44],"complex":[46],"engineering":[47],"application":[48],"environments.":[49],"To":[50],"enhance":[51,191],"the":[52,85,96,109,125,133,197],"sensor":[54,66,88,127,139,188],"performance,":[56],"this":[57],"paper":[58],"proposes":[59],"a":[60,141,147,155,161,170,181],"new":[61],"multi-stage":[62,86,97,136],"AC/DC":[65],"structure":[67],"with":[68],"high":[69],"sensitivity":[71],"anti-magnetic":[73],"interference":[74,82],"capability.":[75],"The":[76,105,186],"front-end":[77],"characteristics":[80],"immunity":[83],"of":[84,108,144,151,158,166,175,199],"found":[90],"to":[91,95,123],"be":[92],"closely":[93],"related":[94],"ring":[98,112],"size":[99,107],"design":[100],"via":[101],"finite":[102],"element":[103],"simulation.":[104],"optimal":[106,126],"multipole":[110],"is":[113],"determined":[114],"using":[115],"an":[116],"improved":[117],"non-dominated":[118],"ranking":[119],"genetic":[120],"algorithm":[121],"(ACGWO-BP-NSGA-II)":[122],"derive":[124],"structure.":[128],"Experimental":[129],"results":[130],"demonstrate":[131],"that":[132],"newly":[134],"designed":[135],"range":[143],"60":[145],"mA,":[146],"fitting":[148],"nonlinearity":[149],"error":[150],"less":[152],"than":[153],"1%,":[154],"bandwidth":[157],"0-80":[159],"kHz,":[160],"minimum":[162,171],"AC":[163],"value":[165,174],"85":[167],"\u03bcA":[168],"DC":[172],"50":[176],"\u03bcA,":[177],"as":[178,180],"well":[179],"strong":[182],"electromagnetic":[184,202],"interference.":[185,203],"effectively":[190],"precision":[193],"presence":[198],"intense":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}