{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382314633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104693","title":"A Novel Approach for Brain Tumor Classification Using an Ensemble of Deep and Hand-Crafted Features","display_name":"A Novel Approach for Brain Tumor Classification Using an Ensemble of Deep and Hand-Crafted Features","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382314633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104693","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104693","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4693/pdf?version=1683882605","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4693/pdf?version=1683882605","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038410086","display_name":"Hareem Kibriya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hareem Kibriya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007077685","display_name":"Rashid Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3143-689X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashid Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083642709","display_name":"Jinsul Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2294-3969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinsul Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500757, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500757, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053995495","display_name":"Marriam Nawaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2238-4645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marriam Nawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052882555","display_name":"Rahma Gantassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5833-3914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahma Gantassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083642709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.6517,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96667348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"10","first_page":"4693","last_page":"4693"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7739036083221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7330026626586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6850737929344177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-tumor","display_name":"Brain tumor","score":0.6294369697570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6273175477981567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5592594742774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5411168932914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.4686885178089142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.43832260370254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.4236080050468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-cancer","display_name":"Brain cancer","score":0.4139925241470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.16063496470451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.112332284450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10360074043273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.08203288912773132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7739036083221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7330026626586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6850737929344177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779130545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233309","display_name":"Brain tumor","level":2,"score":0.6294369697570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6273175477981567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5592594742774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5411168932914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4686885178089142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.43832260370254517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.4236080050468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994463257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233309","display_name":"Brain cancer","level":3,"score":0.4139925241470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.16063496470451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.112332284450531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10360074043273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.08203288912773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104693","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4693/pdf?version=1683882605","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37430604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37430604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10221077","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10221077","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10221077/pdf/sensors-23-04693.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:abe851a1079d41a498e61a251748d897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/abe851a1079d41a498e61a251748d897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 10, p 4693 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/10/4693/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23104693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 10; Pages: 4693","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23104693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23104693","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/10/4693/pdf?version=1683882605","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1816963300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2023-RS-2022-00156287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G201481411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2023-RS-2022-00156287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G339979444","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00156287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700831490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5456569449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2023-RS-2022-00156287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337407","funder_display_name":"Division of Human Resource Development"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7555702357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00156287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337407","display_name":"Division of Human Resource Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03mamvh39"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382314633.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494052777","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2088252378","https://openalex.org/W2153169644","https://openalex.org/W2161136893","https://openalex.org/W2332011325","https://openalex.org/W2499581503","https://openalex.org/W2594020746","https://openalex.org/W2621367454","https://openalex.org/W2664267452","https://openalex.org/W2735947739","https://openalex.org/W2741015411","https://openalex.org/W2760646082","https://openalex.org/W2765490497","https://openalex.org/W2767488589","https://openalex.org/W2810138651","https://openalex.org/W2897188827","https://openalex.org/W2905017682","https://openalex.org/W2907648650","https://openalex.org/W2913389484","https://openalex.org/W2945839551","https://openalex.org/W2947735999","https://openalex.org/W2963356165","https://openalex.org/W3002769598","https://openalex.org/W3007562589","https://openalex.org/W3013952416","https://openalex.org/W3018852185","https://openalex.org/W3023828269","https://openalex.org/W3027411515","https://openalex.org/W3040617750","https://openalex.org/W3047434002","https://openalex.org/W3086756324","https://openalex.org/W3116449819","https://openalex.org/W3122453825","https://openalex.org/W3134696621","https://openalex.org/W3136979370","https://openalex.org/W3139447780","https://openalex.org/W3153436803","https://openalex.org/W3157244999","https://openalex.org/W3161959969","https://openalex.org/W3165013971","https://openalex.org/W3177207699","https://openalex.org/W3181131554","https://openalex.org/W3210912418","https://openalex.org/W4200337757","https://openalex.org/W4205940610","https://openalex.org/W4205964412","https://openalex.org/W4206966126","https://openalex.org/W4213203281","https://openalex.org/W4213438507","https://openalex.org/W4220787529","https://openalex.org/W4225773384","https://openalex.org/W6791596097","https://openalex.org/W6795819799","https://openalex.org/W6807252396","https://openalex.org/W6808883808","https://openalex.org/W6810393308"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281381262","https://openalex.org/W2031411282","https://openalex.org/W4288941349","https://openalex.org/W2021762593","https://openalex.org/W4386401879","https://openalex.org/W4377969579","https://openalex.org/W4282917035","https://openalex.org/W4282921561","https://openalex.org/W3092054055","https://openalex.org/W3210136741"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,6,13,82,95,153,166,189,213],"the":[2,10,17,33,100,124,142,150,156,162,167,187,190,198,211],"most":[3],"severe":[4],"types":[5],"cancer":[7],"caused":[8],"by":[9],"uncontrollable":[11],"proliferation":[12],"brain":[14,20,76,177,203],"cells":[15],"inside":[16],"skull":[18],"is":[19,30,58,92,132],"tumors.":[21,48],"Hence,":[22],"a":[23,59,72],"fast":[24],"and":[25,84,106,141,164,193],"accurate":[26],"tumor":[27,77],"detection":[28,78],"method":[29,192],"critical":[31],"for":[32,61,75],"patient's":[34],"health.":[35],"Many":[36],"automated":[37],"artificial":[38],"intelligence":[39],"(AI)":[40],"methods":[41],"have":[42],"recently":[43],"been":[44],"developed":[45],"to":[46,65,119,175,201],"diagnose":[47],"These":[49],"approaches,":[50],"however,":[51],"result":[52],"in":[53,197],"poor":[54],"performance;":[55],"hence,":[56,170],"there":[57],"need":[60],"an":[62,80,93],"efficient":[63],"technique":[64],"perform":[66],"precise":[67],"diagnoses.":[68],"This":[69],"paper":[70],"suggests":[71],"novel":[73,90,113],"approach":[74],"via":[79,218],"ensemble":[81,94,157],"deep":[83],"hand-crafted":[85,96],"feature":[86],"vectors":[87],"(FV).":[88],"The":[89,112,129,147,159,184],"FV":[91,114,131],"features":[97,108,117],"based":[98,109],"on":[99,110,155],"GLCM":[101],"(gray":[102],"level":[103],"co-occurrence":[104],"matrix)":[105],"in-depth":[107],"VGG16.":[111],"contains":[115],"robust":[116],"compared":[118],"independent":[120],"vectors,":[121],"which":[122],"improve":[123],"suggested":[125],"method's":[126],"discriminating":[127],"capabilities.":[128],"proposed":[130,168,191],"then":[133],"classified":[134],"using":[135],"SVM":[136],"or":[137],"support":[138],"vector":[139],"machines":[140],"k-nearest":[143],"neighbor":[144],"classifier":[145],"(KNN).":[146],"framework":[148],"achieved":[149],"highest":[151],"accuracy":[152],"99%":[154],"FV.":[158],"results":[160,185],"indicate":[161],"reliability":[163],"efficacy":[165],"methodology;":[169],"radiologists":[171],"can":[172,194],"use":[173],"it":[174],"detect":[176,202],"tumors":[178,204],"through":[179],"MRI":[180,206],"(magnetic":[181],"resonance":[182],"imaging).":[183],"show":[186],"robustness":[188],"be":[195],"deployed":[196],"real":[199],"environment":[200],"from":[205],"images":[207],"accurately.":[208],"In":[209],"addition,":[210],"performance":[212],"our":[214],"model":[215],"was":[216],"validated":[217],"cross-tabulated":[219],"data.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}