{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376630313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094539","title":"Predicting Cybersecurity Threats in Critical Infrastructure for Industry 4.0: A Proactive Approach Based on Attacker Motivations","display_name":"Predicting Cybersecurity Threats in Critical Infrastructure for Industry 4.0: A Proactive Approach Based on Attacker Motivations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376630313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094539","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177743"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4539/pdf?version=1683380020","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4539/pdf?version=1683380020","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060910083","display_name":"Adel Alqudhaibi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adel Alqudhaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7786-1501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060134493","display_name":"Majed Albarrak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Majed Albarrak","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087122155","display_name":"Abdulmohsan Aloseel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-4135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmohsan Aloseel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112963659","display_name":"Sandeep Jagtap","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sandeep Jagtap","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-0192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058003148","display_name":"Konstantinos Salonitis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-364X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Salonitis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-364X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing (SATM), Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060910083","https://openalex.org/A5112963659"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":22.716,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99487564,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"4539","last_page":"4539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.759827733039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.752861738204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4819593131542206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure-protection","display_name":"Critical infrastructure protection","score":0.43712085485458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industry-4.0","display_name":"Industry 4.0","score":0.4324093163013458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3732355237007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34155014157295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.1136796772480011}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.759827733039856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.752861738204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4819593131542206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779033394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186733","display_name":"Critical infrastructure protection","level":3,"score":0.43712085485458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777986313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1661989","display_name":"Industry 4.0","level":2,"score":0.4324093163013458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3732355237007141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34155014157295227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.1136796772480011}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4539/pdf?version=1683380020","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37177743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10181696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10181696","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10181696/pdf/sensors-23-04539.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:25bc121901cc49d8b2574affb5fb11dd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/25bc121901cc49d8b2574affb5fb11dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 9, p 4539 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/19665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/19665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/9/4539/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 9; Pages: 4539","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094539","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4539/pdf?version=1683380020","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4376630313.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1024175129","https://openalex.org/W1629811776","https://openalex.org/W1977539889","https://openalex.org/W2050588495","https://openalex.org/W2061361060","https://openalex.org/W2421628611","https://openalex.org/W2464274269","https://openalex.org/W2479781685","https://openalex.org/W2589223628","https://openalex.org/W2762094120","https://openalex.org/W2764167190","https://openalex.org/W2798894945","https://openalex.org/W2901450733","https://openalex.org/W2981097654","https://openalex.org/W2983418695","https://openalex.org/W3007192806","https://openalex.org/W3033988856","https://openalex.org/W3035677232","https://openalex.org/W3039811325","https://openalex.org/W3116116507","https://openalex.org/W3198698613","https://openalex.org/W3200780444","https://openalex.org/W4252456536","https://openalex.org/W4253116568","https://openalex.org/W4281381345","https://openalex.org/W4284963893","https://openalex.org/W4287179235","https://openalex.org/W4296167765","https://openalex.org/W4300002933","https://openalex.org/W4308935387","https://openalex.org/W6626567953"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085358621","https://openalex.org/W3045199176","https://openalex.org/W4386971846","https://openalex.org/W3004302778","https://openalex.org/W2184280487","https://openalex.org/W578380379","https://openalex.org/W3047124310","https://openalex.org/W4386959929","https://openalex.org/W3128859700","https://openalex.org/W4242728933"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"Industry":[1],"4.0,":[2],"manufacturing":[3],"and":[4,12,24,34,49,63,67,79,87,96,118,137,151,154],"critical":[5],"systems":[6,91],"require":[7],"high":[8],"levels":[9],"of":[10,36,45,56,127,164],"flexibility":[11],"resilience":[13],"for":[14,32],"dynamic":[15],"outcomes.":[16],"Industrial":[17],"Control":[18,23],"Systems":[19],"(ICS),":[20],"specifically":[21],"Supervisory":[22],"Data":[25],"Acquisition":[26],"(SCADA)":[27],"systems,":[28,58],"are":[29,71],"commonly":[30],"used":[31],"operation":[33],"control":[35],"Critical":[37],"Infrastructure":[38],"(CI).":[39],"However,":[40],"due":[41],"to":[42,73],"the":[43,54,75,135,156,162,165,169],"lack":[44],"security":[46,51,61,69],"controls,":[47],"standards,":[48],"proactive":[50,141],"measures":[52],"in":[53,125,168],"design":[55],"these":[57],"they":[59],"have":[60],"risks":[62],"vulnerabilities.":[64],"Therefore,":[65],"efficient":[66],"effective":[68],"solutions":[70],"needed":[72],"secure":[74],"conjunction":[76],"between":[77],"CI":[78,90,117,150],"I4.0":[80],"applications.":[81],"This":[82,140],"paper":[83],"predicts":[84,143],"potential":[85,111,144],"cyberattacks":[86],"threats":[88],"against":[89],"by":[92],"considering":[93],"attacker":[94,119,152],"motivations":[95],"using":[97],"machine":[98],"learning":[99],"models.":[100],"The":[101,121],"approach":[102,142],"presents":[103],"a":[104],"novel":[105],"cybersecurity":[106],"prediction":[107],"technique":[108],"that":[109],"forecasts":[110],"attack":[112,145],"methods,":[113],"depending":[114],"on":[115,148],"specific":[116,149],"motivations.":[120],"proposed":[122,166],"model's":[123],"accuracy":[124,163],"terms":[126],"False":[128],"Positive":[129],"Rate":[130],"(FPR)":[131],"reached":[132],"66%":[133],"with":[134],"trained":[136,157],"test":[138],"datasets.":[139],"methods":[146],"based":[147],"motivations,":[153],"doubling":[155],"data":[158],"sets":[159],"will":[160],"improve":[161],"model":[167],"future.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}