{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4375850330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094536","title":"1-D and 2-D Direction of Arrival Estimation in a Conical Conformal Array: Design and Implementation","display_name":"1-D and 2-D Direction of Arrival Estimation in a Conical Conformal Array: Design and Implementation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4375850330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094536","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094536","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4536/pdf?version=1683376255","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4536/pdf?version=1683376255","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100728140","display_name":"Hongyun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-7046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-7046","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100741316","display_name":"Ping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-4546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1286-4546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643933","display_name":"Guangwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5670-1346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guangwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5670-1346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101764544","display_name":"Guolin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6825-0917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guolin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007103905","display_name":"Xiaofeng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8631-9148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153688","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Radio Metrology and Measurement","ror":"https://ror.org/02c8ctc21","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15089104","https://openalex.org/I4387153688"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Radio Measurement, Beijing 100039, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8631-9148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Radio Measurement, Beijing 100039, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100643933"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.1336,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36362518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"4536","last_page":"4536"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12450","display_name":"Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.7242318987846375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformal-map","display_name":"Conformal map","score":0.4853328764438629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coordinate-system","display_name":"Coordinate system","score":0.48421716690063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.4833764433860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47929802536964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.4758296310901642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4714064598083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conformal-antenna","display_name":"Conformal antenna","score":0.4656342566013336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conical-surface","display_name":"Conical surface","score":0.4367932975292206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.371406227350235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/omnidirectional-antenna","display_name":"Omnidirectional antenna","score":0.36857014894485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34563785791397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.32359778881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.16102519631385803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.7242318987846375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98214594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850275","display_name":"Conformal map","level":2,"score":0.4853328764438629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80551277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11210","display_name":"Coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.48421716690063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.4833764433860779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47929802536964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4758296310901642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4714064598083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182697305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160244","display_name":"Conformal antenna","level":5,"score":0.4656342566013336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124961601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518149","display_name":"Conical surface","level":2,"score":0.4367932975292206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.371406227350235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24027999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2176348","display_name":"Omnidirectional antenna","level":3,"score":0.36857014894485474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34563785791397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.32359778881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.16102519631385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93130614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5138671","display_name":"Coaxial antenna","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094536","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4536/pdf?version=1683376255","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37177740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10181771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10181771","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10181771/pdf/sensors-23-04536.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ef318b1d57d74bdd9127e55d5cc4bd16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ef318b1d57d74bdd9127e55d5cc4bd16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 9, p 4536 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/9/4536/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 9; Pages: 4536","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094536","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4536/pdf?version=1683376255","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6280610082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62073040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4375850330.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4375850330.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526635328","https://openalex.org/W1592328625","https://openalex.org/W1964521756","https://openalex.org/W2003481810","https://openalex.org/W2018419043","https://openalex.org/W2048091460","https://openalex.org/W2078511883","https://openalex.org/W2080115549","https://openalex.org/W2097610668","https://openalex.org/W2098174516","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2127749501","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2129679936","https://openalex.org/W2131797282","https://openalex.org/W2143522719","https://openalex.org/W2144948081","https://openalex.org/W2147855704","https://openalex.org/W2150859869","https://openalex.org/W2163730436","https://openalex.org/W2168837636","https://openalex.org/W2172135806","https://openalex.org/W2225303823","https://openalex.org/W2529213064","https://openalex.org/W2905099299","https://openalex.org/W2922178837","https://openalex.org/W3036856431","https://openalex.org/W3200182115","https://openalex.org/W4254407455","https://openalex.org/W4288064738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006474185","https://openalex.org/W2363967645","https://openalex.org/W3040746352","https://openalex.org/W2353897191","https://openalex.org/W1892118554","https://openalex.org/W2046506395","https://openalex.org/W2541058449","https://openalex.org/W3088647091","https://openalex.org/W2060329383","https://openalex.org/W4402389261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Direction":[0],"of":[1,94,101,115,167,182,208,215],"arrival":[2],"(DOA)":[3],"estimation":[4,37,153,180,221],"for":[5,35,140],"conformal":[6,19],"arrays":[7],"is":[8,33,194,218,223],"challenging":[9],"due":[10,107],"to":[11,108,196],"non-omnidirectional":[12],"element":[13,50,60,65],"patterns":[14],"and":[15,41,150,171,176,201],"shadow":[16,25,110],"effects.":[17],"Conical":[18],"array":[20,113,216],"(CCA)":[21],"can":[22,104],"avoid":[23],"the":[24,49,71,77,92,102,109,124,130,152,179,183,187,197,202,206,213,220],"effect":[26],"at":[27,44],"small":[28,45],"elevation":[29,42,46,96],"angles.":[30,47],"So":[31],"CCA":[32,53,78,103,188,199,209],"suitable":[34],"DOA":[36],"on":[38],"both":[39],"azimuth":[40],"angles":[43],"However,":[48],"pattern":[51,66,80],"in":[52,81,91,191],"cannot":[54],"be":[55],"obtained":[56],"by":[57,120,162],"conventional":[58],"directional":[59],"coordinate":[61,83,87],"transformation.":[62,88],"Its":[63],"local":[64,82],"also":[67],"has":[68],"connection":[69],"with":[70],"cone":[72],"angle.":[73],"The":[74,112],"paper":[75,193],"establishes":[76],"radiation":[79],"system":[84],"using":[85,163],"2-D":[86,141],"In":[89,155],"addition,":[90,156],"case":[93],"large":[95],"angle,":[97],"only":[98],"half":[99],"elements":[100,217],"receive":[105],"signal":[106],"effect.":[111],"degrees":[114],"freedom":[116],"(DOF)":[117],"are":[118],"reduced":[119],"halves.":[121],"We":[122],"introduce":[123],"difference":[125],"coarray":[126],"method,":[127],"which":[128],"increases":[129],"DOF.":[131],"Moreover,":[132],"we":[133],"propose":[134],"a":[135,146],"more":[136],"accurate":[137],"propagator":[138],"method":[139,144,158],"cases.":[142],"This":[143],"constructs":[145],"new":[147],"propagation":[148],"matrix":[149],"reduces":[151,159],"error.":[154],"this":[157,192],"computational":[160],"complexity":[161],"linear":[164],"computations":[165],"instead":[166],"eigenvalue":[168],"decomposition":[169],"(EVD)":[170],"avoids":[172],"spectral":[173],"search.":[174],"Simulation":[175],"experiment":[177],"verify":[178],"performance":[181],"CCA.":[184],"Both":[185],"demonstrate":[186],"model":[189],"established":[190],"corresponding":[195],"designed":[198],"antenna,":[200],"proposed":[203],"algorithms":[204],"meet":[205],"needs":[207],"angle":[210],"detection.":[211],"When":[212],"number":[214],"12,":[219],"accuracy":[222],"about":[224],"5":[225],"degrees.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}