{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4368404730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094452","title":"Ultraviolet Photodetectors: From Photocathodes to Low-Dimensional Solids","display_name":"Ultraviolet Photodetectors: From Photocathodes to Low-Dimensional Solids","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4368404730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094452","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094452","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4452/pdf?version=1683183166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4452/pdf?version=1683183166","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082759235","display_name":"Antoni Rogalski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4985-7297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoni Rogalski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004337791","display_name":"Z. Bielecki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2777-620X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zbigniew Bielecki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010493725","display_name":"J. Miko\u0142ajczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-3521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janusz Miko\u0142ajczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-3521","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068958798","display_name":"J. Wojtas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-0729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacek Wojtas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-0729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068958798"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.992,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":79,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97835362,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"4452","last_page":"4452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12529","display_name":"Ga2O3 and related materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12529","display_name":"Ga2O3 and related materials","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13418","display_name":"Photocathodes and Microchannel Plates","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10099","display_name":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodetector","display_name":"Photodetector","score":0.8176792860031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultraviolet","display_name":"Ultraviolet","score":0.8108094334602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.5589510202407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4229114353656769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4195520281791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3647417724132538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3518907129764557}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.8176792860031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776798109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11391","display_name":"Ultraviolet","level":2,"score":0.8108094334602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5589510202407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4229114353656769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4195520281791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3647417724132538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3518907129764557}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094452","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4452/pdf?version=1683183166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37177656","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10181614","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10181614","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10181614/pdf/sensors-23-04452.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e39d2361205340899f98bcd0a213600d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e39d2361205340899f98bcd0a213600d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 9, p 4452 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/9/4452/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094452","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 9; Pages: 4452","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094452","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4452/pdf?version=1683183166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4368404730.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":178,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1140807472","https://openalex.org/W1469586082","https://openalex.org/W1509024480","https://openalex.org/W1637470034","https://openalex.org/W1654886731","https://openalex.org/W1834057801","https://openalex.org/W1839647372","https://openalex.org/W1963903046","https://openalex.org/W1970102664","https://openalex.org/W1975857981","https://openalex.org/W1980073377","https://openalex.org/W1980770847","https://openalex.org/W1981031772","https://openalex.org/W1982112708","https://openalex.org/W1982737948","https://openalex.org/W1983205784","https://openalex.org/W1983329745","https://openalex.org/W1984682342","https://openalex.org/W1985552612","https://openalex.org/W1988175118","https://openalex.org/W1990538138","https://openalex.org/W1992737278","https://openalex.org/W1992917931","https://openalex.org/W1993740928","https://openalex.org/W1995608178","https://openalex.org/W1997570825","https://openalex.org/W1998511197","https://openalex.org/W1998737041","https://openalex.org/W1999139242","https://openalex.org/W2000459404","https://openalex.org/W2008039067","https://openalex.org/W2009324026","https://openalex.org/W2009815398","https://openalex.org/W2009891797","https://openalex.org/W2011682744","https://openalex.org/W2011894270","https://openalex.org/W2012916935","https://openalex.org/W2014024783","https://openalex.org/W2017636356","https://openalex.org/W2019882192","https://openalex.org/W2024890815","https://openalex.org/W2026585148","https://openalex.org/W2026816101","https://openalex.org/W2029646805","https://openalex.org/W2032586131","https://openalex.org/W2036440367","https://openalex.org/W2039024032","https://openalex.org/W2041634949","https://openalex.org/W2042279765","https://openalex.org/W2042415451","https://openalex.org/W2043424579","https://openalex.org/W2048203311","https://openalex.org/W2051303862","https://openalex.org/W2051431011","https://openalex.org/W2051809099","https://openalex.org/W2061415999","https://openalex.org/W2063024648","https://openalex.org/W2063421861","https://openalex.org/W2065791298","https://openalex.org/W2066245777","https://openalex.org/W2066302438","https://openalex.org/W2067042893","https://openalex.org/W2067782681","https://openalex.org/W2073287355","https://openalex.org/W2073302138","https://openalex.org/W2075524681","https://openalex.org/W2076364872","https://openalex.org/W2077127254","https://openalex.org/W2077721413","https://openalex.org/W2079110519","https://openalex.org/W2080853658","https://openalex.org/W2081500754","https://openalex.org/W2083200379","https://openalex.org/W2083821469","https://openalex.org/W2084033952","https://openalex.org/W2085357107","https://openalex.org/W2087334371","https://openalex.org/W2092845890","https://openalex.org/W2099782686","https://openalex.org/W2102124889","https://openalex.org/W2107604677","https://openalex.org/W2108102346","https://openalex.org/W2109001201","https://openalex.org/W2112368483","https://openalex.org/W2114276097","https://openalex.org/W2123396848","https://openalex.org/W2139913287","https://openalex.org/W2147978075","https://openalex.org/W2151277427","https://openalex.org/W2169371591","https://openalex.org/W2196858829","https://openalex.org/W2199416987","https://openalex.org/W2200082611","https://openalex.org/W2200808742","https://openalex.org/W2216957985","https://openalex.org/W2225800955","https://openalex.org/W2241668085","https://openalex.org/W2272971684","https://openalex.org/W2318131323","https://openalex.org/W2320785156","https://openalex.org/W2335810450","https://openalex.org/W2409259258","https://openalex.org/W2505617979","https://openalex.org/W2526538872","https://openalex.org/W2530003588","https://openalex.org/W2536135121","https://openalex.org/W2540011541","https://openalex.org/W2574301675","https://openalex.org/W2582636317","https://openalex.org/W2600655699","https://openalex.org/W2610245814","https://openalex.org/W2620639510","https://openalex.org/W2745369212","https://openalex.org/W2762143420","https://openalex.org/W2773562464","https://openalex.org/W2790212216","https://openalex.org/W2791842165","https://openalex.org/W2792850970","https://openalex.org/W2793285160","https://openalex.org/W2806596348","https://openalex.org/W2807883346","https://openalex.org/W2810543684","https://openalex.org/W2886386782","https://openalex.org/W2891309273","https://openalex.org/W2893722168","https://openalex.org/W2899000548","https://openalex.org/W2906259148","https://openalex.org/W2909050786","https://openalex.org/W2912118168","https://openalex.org/W2918298554","https://openalex.org/W2928632948","https://openalex.org/W2952666174","https://openalex.org/W2956599471","https://openalex.org/W2962349135","https://openalex.org/W2978319100","https://openalex.org/W2996931509","https://openalex.org/W3003989137","https://openalex.org/W3030476736","https://openalex.org/W3033829971","https://openalex.org/W3047525446","https://openalex.org/W3049653989","https://openalex.org/W3088918946","https://openalex.org/W3094342022","https://openalex.org/W3102242158","https://openalex.org/W3104563435","https://openalex.org/W3116603274","https://openalex.org/W3119109259","https://openalex.org/W3119513890","https://openalex.org/W3124664500","https://openalex.org/W3129317685","https://openalex.org/W3133380472","https://openalex.org/W3157363524","https://openalex.org/W3177020980","https://openalex.org/W3199162713","https://openalex.org/W3200352439","https://openalex.org/W3206524200","https://openalex.org/W3210761944","https://openalex.org/W4200609999","https://openalex.org/W4206096405","https://openalex.org/W4220760335","https://openalex.org/W4221054769","https://openalex.org/W4221150734","https://openalex.org/W4226328781","https://openalex.org/W4235041237","https://openalex.org/W4281485180","https://openalex.org/W4282825974","https://openalex.org/W4285223622","https://openalex.org/W4296248593","https://openalex.org/W4296803753","https://openalex.org/W4306894141","https://openalex.org/W4313289972","https://openalex.org/W4318046961","https://openalex.org/W4361799123","https://openalex.org/W6628742431","https://openalex.org/W6642809925","https://openalex.org/W6727530438","https://openalex.org/W6735276356","https://openalex.org/W6779243905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2767137311","https://openalex.org/W3092390055","https://openalex.org/W2018753630","https://openalex.org/W2026808500","https://openalex.org/W2182698433","https://openalex.org/W2250870481","https://openalex.org/W3119076404","https://openalex.org/W1966960004","https://openalex.org/W3024664220","https://openalex.org/W1988129333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85],"paper":[1,90],"presents":[2],"the":[3,13,24,33,89,111,114],"long-term":[4],"evolution":[5,112],"and":[6,39,48,61,80,128],"recent":[7],"development":[8],"of":[9,16,27,51,88,113],"ultraviolet":[10,17],"photodetectors.":[11],"First,":[12],"general":[14],"theory":[15],"(UV)":[18],"photodetectors":[19,56,73],"is":[20,44,66,108],"briefly":[21],"described.":[22],"Then":[23],"different":[25,49],"types":[26,50],"detectors":[28,36],"are":[29],"presented,":[30],"starting":[31],"with":[32,92],"older":[34],"photoemission":[35],"through":[37],"photomultipliers":[38],"image":[40],"intensifiers.":[41],"More":[42],"attention":[43],"paid":[45],"to":[46,75],"silicon":[47],"wide":[52],"band":[53],"gap":[54],"semiconductor":[55],"such":[57],"as":[58],"AlGaN,":[59],"SiC-based,":[60],"diamond":[62],"detectors.":[63],"Additionally,":[64],"Ga2O3":[65],"considered":[67],"a":[68,81],"promising":[69],"material":[70],"for":[71],"solar-blind":[72],"due":[74],"its":[76],"excellent":[77],"electrical":[78],"properties":[79],"large":[82],"bandgap":[83],"energy.":[84],"last":[86],"part":[87],"deals":[91],"new":[93,99],"UV":[94],"photodetector":[95],"concepts":[96],"inspired":[97],"by":[98],"device":[100,118],"architectures":[101],"based":[102],"on":[103],"low-dimensional":[104],"solid":[105],"materials.":[106],"It":[107],"shown":[109],"that":[110],"architecture":[115],"has":[116],"shifted":[117],"performance":[119],"toward":[120],"higher":[121,123,129],"sensitivity,":[122],"frequency":[124],"response,":[125],"lower":[126],"noise,":[127],"gain-bandwidth":[130],"products.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}