{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367598795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094409","title":"Explaining and Visualizing Embeddings of One-Dimensional Convolutional Models in Human Activity Recognition Tasks","display_name":"Explaining and Visualizing Embeddings of One-Dimensional Convolutional Models in Human Activity Recognition Tasks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367598795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094409","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4409/pdf?version=1683248766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4409/pdf?version=1683248766","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016125181","display_name":"Gustavo Aquino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-3337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62885914","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Amazonas","ror":"https://ror.org/02263ky35","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo Aquino","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&D Center in Electronic and Information Technology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D Center in Electronic and Information Technology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057891403","display_name":"M. G. F. Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-1402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62885914","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Amazonas","ror":"https://ror.org/02263ky35","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marly Guimar\u00e3es Fernandes Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&D Center in Electronic and Information Technology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D Center in Electronic and Information Technology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004818827","display_name":"C\u00edcero Ferreira Fernandes Costa Filho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-5715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62885914","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Amazonas","ror":"https://ror.org/02263ky35","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C\u00edcero Ferreira Fernandes Costa Filho","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&D Center in Electronic and Information Technology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D Center in Electronic and Information Technology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69077-000, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004818827"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62885914"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.3704,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84331726,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"4409","last_page":"4409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8027960062026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7005888223648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.694702684879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6130456328392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5986843705177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5835227370262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5783547163009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5149158239364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4480566680431366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.4449827969074249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37569308280944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3454396724700928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8027960062026978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7005888223648071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.694702684879303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6130456328392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5986843705177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5835227370262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5783547163009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5149158239364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4480566680431366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.4449827969074249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37569308280944824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3454396724700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094409","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4409/pdf?version=1683248766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10181687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10181687","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10181687/pdf/sensors-23-04409.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c70a5a67077e4a8182c81a664cd4ef1a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c70a5a67077e4a8182c81a664cd4ef1a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 9, p 4409 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/9/4409/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 9; Pages: 4409","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094409","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4409/pdf?version=1683248766","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3156316819","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"001/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4257313756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"8.387/1991","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","funder_display_name":"Samsung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4588099766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"001/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","funder_display_name":"Samsung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6087244377","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"001/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319527","funder_display_name":"Samsung Eletr\u00f4nica da Amaz\u00f4nia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318869","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Amazonas","ror":"https://ror.org/02263ky35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319527","display_name":"Samsung Eletr\u00f4nica da Amaz\u00f4nia","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367598795.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971916086","https://openalex.org/W2012557818","https://openalex.org/W2018157642","https://openalex.org/W2054242744","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2129793335","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2219995598","https://openalex.org/W2232154212","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2342792048","https://openalex.org/W2510508396","https://openalex.org/W2527742755","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2734532290","https://openalex.org/W2737046835","https://openalex.org/W2764024122","https://openalex.org/W2794542628","https://openalex.org/W2898534411","https://openalex.org/W2963847595","https://openalex.org/W2964716450","https://openalex.org/W2998376881","https://openalex.org/W2999450862","https://openalex.org/W3001316388","https://openalex.org/W3011806746","https://openalex.org/W3016909516","https://openalex.org/W3047132612","https://openalex.org/W3100201746","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3136666665","https://openalex.org/W3155832955","https://openalex.org/W3166133576","https://openalex.org/W3185191651","https://openalex.org/W3203871918","https://openalex.org/W3206009840","https://openalex.org/W3209241856","https://openalex.org/W3210561523","https://openalex.org/W3210766530","https://openalex.org/W3215540145","https://openalex.org/W4206780588","https://openalex.org/W4207078532","https://openalex.org/W4220663024","https://openalex.org/W4220769291","https://openalex.org/W4240495026","https://openalex.org/W4281855644","https://openalex.org/W4288716726","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6772938244","https://openalex.org/W6803072717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W3195649134","https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W2281498195","https://openalex.org/W3124914020","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"Activity":[1],"Recognition":[2],"(HAR)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,21,56,61,163,177],"complex":[6],"problem":[7],"in":[8,78,128,159,191],"deep":[9],"learning,":[10],"and":[11,47,148,186],"One-Dimensional":[12],"Convolutional":[13],"Neural":[14],"Networks":[15],"(1D":[16],"CNNs)":[17],"have":[18],"emerged":[19],"as":[20],"popular":[22],"approach":[23],"for":[24,68],"addressing":[25],"it.":[26],"These":[27],"networks":[28,54,133],"efficiently":[29],"learn":[30],"features":[31,50,73,117],"from":[32,104,118],"data":[33],"that":[34,114],"can":[35,121],"be":[36,122],"utilized":[37],"to":[38,124,166],"classify":[39],"human":[40,126],"activities":[41,127],"with":[42,141],"high":[43,135],"performance.":[44],"However,":[45],"understanding":[46],"explaining":[48],"the":[49,96,101,105,115,145,152,184],"learned":[51,74,116],"by":[52,75],"these":[53],"remains":[55],"challenge.":[57],"This":[58,174],"paper":[59],"presents":[60],"novel":[62],"eXplainable":[63],"Artificial":[64],"Intelligence":[65],"(XAI)":[66],"method":[67,157],"generating":[69],"visual":[70],"explanations":[71],"of":[72,180,188],"one-dimensional":[76],"CNNs":[77],"its":[79],"training":[80],"process,":[81],"utilizing":[82],"t-Distributed":[83],"Stochastic":[84],"Neighbor":[85],"Embedding":[86],"(t-SNE).":[87],"By":[88],"applying":[89],"this":[90,160],"method,":[91],"we":[92],"provide":[93],"insights":[94],"into":[95],"decision-making":[97],"process":[98],"through":[99],"visualizing":[100],"information":[102],"obtained":[103],"model\u2019s":[106],"deepest":[107],"layer":[108],"before":[109],"classification.":[110],"Our":[111,131],"results":[112],"demonstrate":[113],"one":[119],"dataset":[120,147],"applied":[123],"differentiate":[125],"other":[129],"datasets.":[130],"trained":[132],"achieved":[134],"performance":[136],"on":[137,144,151],"two":[138],"public":[139],"databases,":[140],"0.98":[142],"accuracy":[143,150],"SHO":[146],"0.93":[149],"HAPT":[153],"dataset.":[154],"The":[155],"visualization":[156],"proposed":[158],"work":[161,175],"offers":[162],"powerful":[164],"means":[165],"detect":[167],"bias":[168],"issues":[169],"or":[170],"explain":[171],"incorrect":[172],"predictions.":[173],"introduces":[176],"new":[178],"type":[179],"XAI":[181],"application,":[182],"enhancing":[183],"reliability":[185],"practicality":[187],"CNN":[189],"models":[190],"real-world":[192],"scenarios.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2023-05-02T00:00:00"}