{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367183324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094302","title":"Echo-ID: Smartphone Placement Region Identification for Context-Aware Computing","display_name":"Echo-ID: Smartphone Placement Region Identification for Context-Aware Computing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367183324","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094302","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094302","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4302/pdf?version=1682514272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4302/pdf?version=1682514272","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036637095","display_name":"Xue-ting Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9315-3011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueting Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006704727","display_name":"Zhongning Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0384-6514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongning Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100337953","display_name":"Zhiyuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4504-4544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079006967","display_name":"Feng Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-6037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-6037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079006967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2323,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48874724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"4302","last_page":"4302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7384963035583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/echo","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","score":0.6512616872787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.6339165568351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5451005697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-phone","display_name":"Mobile phone","score":0.5383120775222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.5320672988891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4890385568141937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4755373001098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.45932576060295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3769415616989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17768612504005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1247439980506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10186201333999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09332147240638733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7384963035583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779426996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18389128","display_name":"Echo (communications protocol)","level":2,"score":0.6512616872787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.6339165568351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5451005697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.5383120775222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.5320672988891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4890385568141937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4755373001098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.45932576060295105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3769415616989136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17768612504005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1247439980506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10186201333999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09332147240638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094302","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4302/pdf?version=1682514272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37177506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10181568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10181568","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10181568/pdf/sensors-23-04302.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5360906a08c94f218a08e281f5c0ab9d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5360906a08c94f218a08e281f5c0ab9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 9, p 4302 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/9/4302/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 9; Pages: 4302","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094302","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4302/pdf?version=1682514272","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8123736967","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41976185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367183324.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1643892426","https://openalex.org/W1977687024","https://openalex.org/W2012084072","https://openalex.org/W2019498701","https://openalex.org/W2036946260","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2068809002","https://openalex.org/W2094204865","https://openalex.org/W2118602640","https://openalex.org/W2122837018","https://openalex.org/W2128587884","https://openalex.org/W2142136129","https://openalex.org/W2142216726","https://openalex.org/W2172093107","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2307851164","https://openalex.org/W2335413077","https://openalex.org/W2510496906","https://openalex.org/W2553015009","https://openalex.org/W2602901308","https://openalex.org/W2624849939","https://openalex.org/W2755178687","https://openalex.org/W2764166175","https://openalex.org/W2765982206","https://openalex.org/W2783985400","https://openalex.org/W2789860971","https://openalex.org/W2793102850","https://openalex.org/W2795038031","https://openalex.org/W2824103177","https://openalex.org/W2832631560","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2890216513","https://openalex.org/W2890915954","https://openalex.org/W2895409865","https://openalex.org/W2911233953","https://openalex.org/W2919610866","https://openalex.org/W2953236873","https://openalex.org/W2963116355","https://openalex.org/W2971399876","https://openalex.org/W2982679740","https://openalex.org/W2984752048","https://openalex.org/W3023214412","https://openalex.org/W3033234289","https://openalex.org/W3035016613","https://openalex.org/W3039539347","https://openalex.org/W3047147270","https://openalex.org/W3096599940","https://openalex.org/W3103709883","https://openalex.org/W3109382988","https://openalex.org/W3156632615","https://openalex.org/W3189817175","https://openalex.org/W4214911965","https://openalex.org/W4220845900","https://openalex.org/W4233748389","https://openalex.org/W4285133204","https://openalex.org/W4295878915","https://openalex.org/W4297539927","https://openalex.org/W4322618267","https://openalex.org/W6752842659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1473737476","https://openalex.org/W2949162897","https://openalex.org/W2061432289","https://openalex.org/W2276571074","https://openalex.org/W4300003799","https://openalex.org/W2158582019","https://openalex.org/W1500087777","https://openalex.org/W1970204757","https://openalex.org/W4214513620","https://openalex.org/W2791548713"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Region-function":[0],"combinations":[1],"are":[2,35,61,169],"essential":[3],"for":[4,13,216,254,274],"smartphones":[5],"to":[6,115,183,197,208,265],"be":[7],"intelligent":[8,15],"and":[9,147,152,166,201,233,240,272],"context-aware.":[10],"The":[11,30,159,267],"prerequisite":[12],"providing":[14,91],"services":[16,94],"is":[17,145],"that":[18,111,246],"the":[19,23,84,88,117,150,163,167,193,230],"device":[20],"can":[21],"recognize":[22],"contextual":[24,92],"region":[25,32,97,118,186,223,275],"in":[26,119,156],"which":[27,41,86,120,144,188],"it":[28,121,235],"resides.":[29],"existing":[31],"recognition":[33,59,66],"schemes":[34],"mainly":[36],"based":[37,95],"on":[38,96,229],"indoor":[39],"positioning,":[40],"require":[42],"pre-installed":[43,129],"infrastructures":[44],"or":[45,49,72,128],"tedious":[46],"calibration":[47],"efforts":[48],"memory":[50],"burden":[51],"of":[52,90,252,262],"precise":[53],"locations.":[54],"In":[55,100],"addition,":[56],"location":[57],"classification":[58],"methods":[60],"limited":[62],"by":[63,149],"either":[64],"their":[65,210],"granularity":[67],"being":[68],"too":[69,73],"large":[70],"(room-level)":[71],"small":[74],"(centimeter-level,":[75],"requiring":[76,124],"training":[77],"data":[78],"collection":[79],"at":[80,212],"multiple":[81],"positions":[82],"within":[83],"region),":[85],"constrains":[87],"applications":[89],"awareness":[93],"function":[98],"combinations.":[99],"this":[101],"paper,":[102],"we":[103],"propose":[104],"a":[105,113,172,179,221],"novel":[106],"mobile":[107],"system,":[108],"called":[109],"Echo-ID,":[110],"enables":[112],"phone":[114,198,211],"identify":[116],"resides":[122],"without":[123],"any":[125],"additional":[126],"sensors":[127],"infrastructure.":[130],"Echo-ID":[131,204,228,247],"applies":[132],"Frequency":[133],"Modulated":[134],"Continuous":[135],"Wave":[136],"(FMCW)":[137],"acoustic":[138],"signals":[139],"as":[140],"its":[141],"sensing":[142],"medium":[143],"transmitted":[146],"received":[148],"speaker":[151],"microphones":[153],"already":[154],"available":[155],"common":[157],"smartphones.":[158,242],"spatial":[160,194],"relationships":[161],"among":[162],"surrounding":[164],"objects":[165],"smartphone":[168],"extracted":[170],"with":[171,236,259],"signal":[173],"processing":[174],"procedure.":[175],"We":[176,226],"further":[177],"design":[178],"deep":[180],"learning":[181],"model":[182],"achieve":[184],"accurate":[185],"identification,":[187],"calculate":[189],"finer":[190],"features":[191],"inside":[192,220],"relations,":[195],"robust":[196],"placement":[199],"uncertainty":[200],"environmental":[202],"variation.":[203],"requires":[205],"users":[206],"only":[207],"put":[209],"two":[213],"orthogonal":[214],"angles":[215],"8.5":[217],"s":[218],"each":[219],"target":[222],"before":[224],"use.":[225],"implement":[227],"Android":[231],"platform":[232],"evaluate":[234],"Xiaomi":[237],"12":[238],"Pro":[239],"Honor-10":[241],"Our":[243],"experiments":[244],"demonstrate":[245],"achieves":[248],"an":[249,260],"average":[250],"accuracy":[251],"94.6%":[253],"identifying":[255],"five":[256],"typical":[257],"regions,":[258],"improvement":[261],"35.5%":[263],"compared":[264],"EchoTag.":[266],"results":[268],"confirm":[269],"Echo-ID's":[270],"robustness":[271],"effectiveness":[273],"identification.":[276]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}