{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366828681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094187","title":"Automatic Modulation Classification Using Hybrid Data Augmentation and Lightweight Neural Network","display_name":"Automatic Modulation Classification Using Hybrid Data Augmentation and Lightweight Neural Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366828681","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094187","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094187","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4187/pdf?version=1682319769","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4187/pdf?version=1682319769","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4682-1755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China","National Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4682-1755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101667763","display_name":"Tao Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-4399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Integrated Service Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066638297","display_name":"Chenhan Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenhan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100345153","display_name":"Qing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5286-4423"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation, Qingdao 266107, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101667763"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.2602,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95283817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"9","first_page":"4187","last_page":"4187"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.919700026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7667381167411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6553808450698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flops","display_name":"FLOPS","score":0.6194753050804138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5724149346351624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5310096144676208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5289271473884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5094042420387268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.46109071373939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45721057057380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41423851251602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.41301029920578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.37914085388183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35654163360595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.347173273563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15664991736412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12612012028694153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.07226970791816711}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7667381167411804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6553808450698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3826847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188768","display_name":"FLOPS","level":2,"score":0.6194753050804138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5724149346351624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5310096144676208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5289271473884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5094042420387268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.46109071373939514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45721057057380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41423851251602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.41301029920578003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37914085388183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35654163360595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.347173273563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15664991736412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12612012028694153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.07226970791816711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094187","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4187/pdf?version=1682319769","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37177390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37177390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10181128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10181128","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10181128/pdf/sensors-23-04187.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0fc0d25282ce461a8d843f3b9e98db9c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0fc0d25282ce461a8d843f3b9e98db9c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 9, p 4187 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/9/4187/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 9; Pages: 4187","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23094187","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094187","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4187/pdf?version=1682319769","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7531191085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366828681.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600744878","https://openalex.org/W1621957113","https://openalex.org/W1972973610","https://openalex.org/W1998255241","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2113049834","https://openalex.org/W2125242600","https://openalex.org/W2130014182","https://openalex.org/W2132764758","https://openalex.org/W2147735901","https://openalex.org/W2160451571","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2170778725","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2402149712","https://openalex.org/W2473930607","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2603396821","https://openalex.org/W2624887404","https://openalex.org/W2737190155","https://openalex.org/W2773170971","https://openalex.org/W2795621028","https://openalex.org/W2884089434","https://openalex.org/W2886374543","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963190722","https://openalex.org/W2963290405","https://openalex.org/W2963836746","https://openalex.org/W2966038277","https://openalex.org/W2967606136","https://openalex.org/W2967920509","https://openalex.org/W2981598692","https://openalex.org/W2987656958","https://openalex.org/W3006541201","https://openalex.org/W3023365694","https://openalex.org/W3044062942","https://openalex.org/W3163398534","https://openalex.org/W3170485195","https://openalex.org/W3176469059","https://openalex.org/W3181667991","https://openalex.org/W3189227796","https://openalex.org/W3193513114","https://openalex.org/W3205971195","https://openalex.org/W3207895259","https://openalex.org/W4205273399","https://openalex.org/W4226179508","https://openalex.org/W4226327168","https://openalex.org/W4285306829","https://openalex.org/W6776768478","https://openalex.org/W6917408469","https://openalex.org/W7033504169"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W4200173597","https://openalex.org/W3116150086","https://openalex.org/W2782645198","https://openalex.org/W2999805992","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3183066147","https://openalex.org/W2982273320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"modulation":[1,25],"classification":[2,26,74],"(AMC)":[3],"plays":[4],"an":[5],"important":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,19,49,138],"intelligent":[9],"wireless":[10],"communications.":[11],"With":[12],"the":[13,33,76,117,122,130],"rapid":[14],"development":[15],"of":[16,39,41,124],"deep":[17],"learning":[18],"recent":[20],"years,":[21],"neural":[22,42,68],"network-based":[23,69],"automatic":[24],"methods":[27],"have":[28],"become":[29],"increasingly":[30],"mature.":[31],"However,":[32],"high":[34],"complexity":[35],"and":[36,51,60,129],"large":[37],"number":[38,123],"parameters":[40,125],"networks":[43],"make":[44],"them":[45],"difficult":[46],"to":[47],"deploy":[48],"scenarios":[50],"receiver":[52],"devices":[53],"with":[54,81],"strict":[55],"requirements":[56],"for":[57,96],"low":[58],"latency":[59],"storage.":[61],"Therefore,":[62],"this":[63],"paper":[64],"proposes":[65],"a":[66,86,102,105,136],"lightweight":[67,87,103,118],"AMC":[70,119],"framework.":[71],"To":[72,84,94],"improve":[73],"performance,":[75],"framework":[77,120],"combines":[78],"complex":[79],"convolution":[80,91],"residual":[82],"networks.":[83],"achieve":[85],"design,":[88,104],"depthwise":[89],"separable":[90],"is":[92,110],"used.":[93],"compensate":[95],"any":[97],"performance":[98],"loss":[99],"resulting":[100],"from":[101],"hybrid":[106],"data":[107],"augmentation":[108],"scheme":[109],"proposed.":[111],"The":[112],"simulation":[113],"results":[114],"demonstrate":[115],"that":[116],"reduces":[121],"by":[126,132],"approximately":[127,133],"83.34%":[128],"FLOPs":[131],"83.77%,":[134],"without":[135],"degradation":[137],"performance.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-01-26T23:06:41.788003","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}