{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366690997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084154","title":"Evaluation of Stem Rust Disease in Wheat Fields by Drone Hyperspectral Imaging","display_name":"Evaluation of Stem Rust Disease in Wheat Fields by Drone Hyperspectral Imaging","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366690997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084154","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084154","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4154/pdf?version=1682059130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4154/pdf?version=1682059130","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103012032","display_name":"Jaafar Abdulridha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaafar Abdulridha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033737553","display_name":"Min An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-7492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036659231","display_name":"Matthew N. Rouse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7763-8203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161159","display_name":"Cereal Disease Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04fx69j13","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210154632","https://openalex.org/I4210161159"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew N. Rouse","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Lab, 1551 Lindig Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Lab, 1551 Lindig Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I4210161159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031755661","display_name":"Shahryar F. Kianian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4968-3140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161159","display_name":"Cereal Disease Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04fx69j13","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210154632","https://openalex.org/I4210161159"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahryar Kianian","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Lab, 1551 Lindig Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Lab, 1551 Lindig Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I4210161159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033839227","display_name":"Volkan Isler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-5441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Volkan Isler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, 100 Union St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, 100 Union St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070057804","display_name":"Ce Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1079-118X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ce Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1079-118X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070057804"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":5.6131,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96323322,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"4154","last_page":"4154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8269162178039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5567455887794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5514487028121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5222402811050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.5088562965393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.43315589427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.4245270788669586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.40484195947647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3768387734889984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3343355655670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.26033031940460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.2450580596923828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8269162178039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5567455887794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5514487028121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5222402811050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.5088562965393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.43315589427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.4245270788669586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40484195947647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3768387734889984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3343355655670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.26033031940460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.2450580596923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000081862","descriptor_name":"Hyperspectral Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081862","descriptor_name":"Hyperspectral Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081862","descriptor_name":"Hyperspectral Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088722","descriptor_name":"Unmanned Aerial Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088722","descriptor_name":"Unmanned Aerial Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088722","descriptor_name":"Unmanned Aerial Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001487","descriptor_name":"Basidiomycota","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001487","descriptor_name":"Basidiomycota","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001487","descriptor_name":"Basidiomycota","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002523","descriptor_name":"Edible Grain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002523","descriptor_name":"Edible Grain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002523","descriptor_name":"Edible Grain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018556","descriptor_name":"Crops, Agricultural","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018556","descriptor_name":"Crops, Agricultural","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018556","descriptor_name":"Crops, Agricultural","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084154","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4154/pdf?version=1682059130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37112495","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Evaluation Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10141366","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10141366","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10141366/pdf/sensors-23-04154.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0f67257fc0f3480b8098701a1527b453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0f67257fc0f3480b8098701a1527b453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 8, p 4154 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/8/4154/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23084154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 8; Pages: 4154","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084154","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4154/pdf?version=1682059130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5021482182","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"58-5062-0-016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8454153766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"58-5062-0-016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332784","funder_display_name":"Food Safety and Inspection Service"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332784","display_name":"Food Safety and Inspection Service","ror":"https://ror.org/045k2ma45"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366690997.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366690997.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971070487","https://openalex.org/W1975119563","https://openalex.org/W1983905455","https://openalex.org/W1993349014","https://openalex.org/W1995479068","https://openalex.org/W2004675407","https://openalex.org/W2011287807","https://openalex.org/W2012071323","https://openalex.org/W2012686349","https://openalex.org/W2025757188","https://openalex.org/W2030233869","https://openalex.org/W2031126473","https://openalex.org/W2054902237","https://openalex.org/W2067983477","https://openalex.org/W2068778426","https://openalex.org/W2086372322","https://openalex.org/W2098188176","https://openalex.org/W2098247895","https://openalex.org/W2099185411","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2111657910","https://openalex.org/W2141729653","https://openalex.org/W2143824704","https://openalex.org/W2159961845","https://openalex.org/W2257253679","https://openalex.org/W2297564073","https://openalex.org/W2328092718","https://openalex.org/W2758810255","https://openalex.org/W2791655303","https://openalex.org/W2794164657","https://openalex.org/W2795506344","https://openalex.org/W2799842361","https://openalex.org/W2803549601","https://openalex.org/W2896292343","https://openalex.org/W2904509436","https://openalex.org/W2911133363","https://openalex.org/W2937410654","https://openalex.org/W2951898785","https://openalex.org/W2981529822","https://openalex.org/W2998764257","https://openalex.org/W3021367936","https://openalex.org/W3023060882","https://openalex.org/W3045680997","https://openalex.org/W3098507867","https://openalex.org/W3174167883","https://openalex.org/W3186008385","https://openalex.org/W3193437495","https://openalex.org/W4210447163","https://openalex.org/W4280646200","https://openalex.org/W6674700721","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6777298481"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W4366990902","https://openalex.org/W4317732970","https://openalex.org/W4388550696","https://openalex.org/W4321636153","https://openalex.org/W4313289487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"plant":[1,68],"disease":[2,12,97,100,145,260,278,293,305,335],"severity":[3,92,150,156,162,170,294],"could":[4,59],"help":[5,301],"growers":[6,61],"and":[7,42,66,109,117,128,164,196,214,239,307],"researchers":[8],"study":[9,88,268],"how":[10],"the":[11,29,45,91,126,176,183,188,197,237],"impacts":[13],"cereal":[14],"crops":[15],"to":[16,24,38,56,62,89,124,252,323,330],"make":[17,63],"timely":[18,310],"decisions.":[19],"Advanced":[20],"technology":[21],"is":[22,320],"needed":[23],"protect":[25],"cereals":[26],"that":[27,246,270,281],"feed":[28],"increasing":[30],"population":[31],"using":[32,236],"fewer":[33],"chemicals;":[34],"this":[35,87,267,317],"may":[36],"lead":[37],"reduced":[39],"labor":[40],"usage":[41],"cost":[43],"in":[44,70,86,98],"field.":[46],"Accurate":[47],"detection":[48,290],"of":[49,93,228,257,266,291,296,312],"wheat":[50,57,94,332],"stem":[51,95,258,276,333],"rust,":[52],"an":[53,79],"emerging":[54],"threat":[55],"production,":[58],"inform":[60],"management":[64,311],"decisions":[65],"assist":[67],"breeders":[69,282],"making":[71],"line":[72],"selections.":[73],"A":[74],"hyperspectral":[75,247,272,298],"camera":[76],"mounted":[77],"on":[78,142,316],"unmanned":[80],"aerial":[81],"vehicle":[82],"(UAV)":[83],"was":[84,192,199,233,249],"utilized":[85],"evaluate":[90],"rust":[96,259,277,334],"a":[99,325],"trial":[101,134],"containing":[102],"960":[103],"plots.":[104],"Quadratic":[105],"discriminant":[106],"analysis":[107],"(QDA)":[108],"random":[110],"forest":[111],"classifier":[112],"(RFC),":[113],"decision":[114],"tree":[115],"classification,":[116],"support":[118],"vector":[119],"machine":[120],"(SVM)":[121],"were":[122,136,219],"applied":[123],"select":[125,284],"wavelengths":[127],"spectral":[129,184],"vegetation":[130,185],"indices":[131,186],"(SVIs).":[132],"The":[133,172,201,264,289],"plots":[135],"divided":[137],"into":[138],"four":[139],"levels":[140,256,279],"based":[141],"ground":[143],"truth":[144],"severities:":[146],"class":[147,152,158,165],"0":[148],"(healthy,":[149],"0),":[151],"1":[153],"(mildly":[154],"diseased,":[155,161,168],"1-15),":[157],"2":[159],"(moderately":[160],"16-34),":[163],"3":[166],"(severely":[167],"highest":[169,177,189],"observed).":[171],"RFC":[173],"method":[174],"achieved":[175,240],"overall":[178],"classification":[179,190,227,242],"accuracy":[180,198],"(85%).":[181],"For":[182],"(SVIs),":[187],"rate":[191],"recorded":[193],"by":[194],"RFC,":[195],"76%.":[200],"Green":[202,216],"NDVI":[203],"(GNDVI),":[204],"Photochemical":[205],"Reflectance":[206],"Index":[207,212],"(PRI),":[208],"Red-Edge":[209],"Vegetation":[210],"Stress":[211],"(RVS1),":[213],"Chlorophyll":[215],"(Chl":[217],"green)":[218],"selected":[220],"from":[221],"14":[222],"SVIs.":[223],"In":[224],"addition,":[225],"binary":[226],"mildly":[229],"diseased":[230],"vs.":[231,261],"non-diseased":[232],"also":[234,321],"conducted":[235],"classifiers":[238],"88%":[241],"accuracy.":[243],"This":[244],"highlighted":[245],"imaging":[248,273,299],"sensitive":[250],"enough":[251],"discriminate":[253,275],"between":[254],"low":[255,292],"no":[262],"disease.":[263],"results":[265],"demonstrated":[269],"drone":[271,297],"can":[274,283,300],"so":[280],"disease-resistant":[285],"varieties":[286],"more":[287,309],"efficiently.":[288],"capability":[295],"farmers":[302],"identify":[303],"early":[304],"outbreaks":[306],"enable":[308],"their":[313],"fields.":[314],"Based":[315],"study,":[318],"it":[319],"possible":[322],"build":[324],"new":[326],"inexpensive":[327],"multispectral":[328],"sensor":[329],"diagnose":[331],"accurately.":[336]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
