{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366392447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084094","title":"Label-Free Anomaly Detection Using Distributed Optical Fiber Acoustic Sensing","display_name":"Label-Free Anomaly Detection Using Distributed Optical Fiber Acoustic Sensing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366392447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084094","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112435"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4094/pdf?version=1681888096","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4094/pdf?version=1681888096","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100536951","display_name":"Yuyuan Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyuan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sichuan University National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan University National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066717319","display_name":"Maoning Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0160-1548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maoning Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035611029","display_name":"Yuzhong Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8046-1904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuzhong Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101816456","display_name":"Lin Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0177-7252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sichuan University National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan University National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326967","display_name":"Jianwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-1745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sichuan University National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-1745","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sichuan University National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066717319"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.991,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91603326,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"4094","last_page":"4094"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11153","display_name":"Streptococcal Infections and Treatments","score":0.9508000016212463,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7720271944999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.710202157497406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6602513194084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6353258490562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.586194634437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5560384392738342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5438809990882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant-false-alarm-rate","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","score":0.5438244342803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5416231155395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.5009794235229492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4976392090320587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.49088674783706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.48240363597869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.4264172315597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36146074533462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3519079089164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.17385056614875793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7720271944999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.710202157497406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6602513194084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6353258490562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.586194634437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5560384392738342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5438809990882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77052588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644307","display_name":"Constant false alarm rate","level":2,"score":0.5438244342803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5416231155395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5009794235229492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4976392090320587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49088674783706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.48240363597869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.4264172315597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36146074533462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3519079089164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.17385056614875793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4094/pdf?version=1681888096","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37112435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10144241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10144241","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10144241/pdf/sensors-23-04094.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:257d42b7c36446cfa3f17bd9b8aae4fd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/257d42b7c36446cfa3f17bd9b8aae4fd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 8, p 4094 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/8/4094/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23084094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 8; Pages: 4094","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4094/pdf?version=1681888096","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366392447.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482610856","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2072831198","https://openalex.org/W2074066372","https://openalex.org/W2126321128","https://openalex.org/W2146625715","https://openalex.org/W2149276559","https://openalex.org/W2313453736","https://openalex.org/W2551236474","https://openalex.org/W2609937040","https://openalex.org/W2746759066","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2772587047","https://openalex.org/W2781501968","https://openalex.org/W2901860749","https://openalex.org/W2924027593","https://openalex.org/W2953212672","https://openalex.org/W2960737790","https://openalex.org/W2971632157","https://openalex.org/W2979700798","https://openalex.org/W2991266041","https://openalex.org/W2993286645","https://openalex.org/W3000509843","https://openalex.org/W3001715844","https://openalex.org/W3013245273","https://openalex.org/W3040266635","https://openalex.org/W3081229243","https://openalex.org/W3114918704","https://openalex.org/W3122567262","https://openalex.org/W3128934284","https://openalex.org/W3131859389","https://openalex.org/W3135550350","https://openalex.org/W3162566909","https://openalex.org/W3188242347","https://openalex.org/W6644682428","https://openalex.org/W6678620876","https://openalex.org/W6745609711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3185881139","https://openalex.org/W4312467842","https://openalex.org/W2543107439","https://openalex.org/W2121035740","https://openalex.org/W2390058640","https://openalex.org/W2188735660","https://openalex.org/W2570004938","https://openalex.org/W3120593623","https://openalex.org/W2982280075","https://openalex.org/W3044732725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1,21,54,64],"anomaly":[2,14],"detection":[3,15,153],"is":[4,16,40,55,76,82,108,114,161,178,197],"important":[5],"in":[6,125],"distributed":[7],"optical":[8],"fiber":[9],"acoustic":[10],"sensing":[11],"(DAS).":[12],"However,":[13],"more":[17],"challenging":[18],"than":[19,164,181,200],"traditional":[20],"tasks,":[22],"due":[23],"to":[24,42,84,104,110,193],"the":[25,31,49,69,94,98,102,105,120,139,151,167,174,182,191,201,205],"scarcity":[26],"of":[27,46,52,97,119,142,155,166,204],"true-positive":[28],"data":[29,71],"and":[30,34,101,132],"vast":[32],"imbalance":[33],"irregularity":[35],"within":[36],"datasets.":[37],"Furthermore,":[38],"it":[39,113],"impossible":[41],"catalog":[43],"all":[44,134],"types":[45],"anomalies,":[47],"therefore,":[48],"direct":[50],"application":[51],"supervised":[53,169,183,207],"deficient.":[56],"To":[57],"overcome":[58],"these":[59],"problems,":[60],"an":[61,115],"unsupervised":[62],"deep":[63],"method":[65,122,157],"that":[66,136,150,165],"only":[67],"learns":[68],"normal":[70,99,140],"features":[72],"from":[73],"ordinary":[74],"events":[75],"proposed.":[77],"First,":[78],"a":[79,126,187],"convolutional":[80],"autoencoder":[81,189],"used":[83,109],"extract":[85],"DAS":[86],"signal":[87,107],"features.":[88],"A":[89],"clustering":[90],"algorithm":[91],"then":[92],"locates":[93],"feature":[95],"center":[96],"data,":[100],"distance":[103],"new":[106],"determine":[111],"whether":[112],"anomaly.":[116],"The":[117,147],"efficacy":[118],"proposed":[121],"was":[123],"evaluated":[124],"real":[127],"high-speed":[128,143],"rail":[129],"intrusion":[130],"scenario,":[131],"considered":[133],"behaviors":[135],"may":[137],"threaten":[138],"operation":[141],"trains":[144],"as":[145],"abnormal.":[146],"results":[148],"show":[149],"threat":[152],"rate":[154,177],"this":[156],"reaches":[158],"91.5%,":[159],"which":[160,196],"5.9%":[162],"higher":[163],"state-of-the-art":[168,206],"network":[170],"and,":[171],"at":[172],"7.2%,":[173],"false":[175],"alarm":[176],"0.8%":[179],"lower":[180,199],"network.":[184,208],"Moreover,":[185],"using":[186],"shallow":[188],"reduces":[190],"parameters":[192],"1.34":[194],"K,":[195],"significantly":[198],"79.55":[202],"K":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
