{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366425237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084080","title":"Regularization for Unsupervised Learning of Optical Flow","display_name":"Regularization for Unsupervised Learning of Optical Flow","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366425237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084080","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4080/pdf?version=1681817834","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4080/pdf?version=1681817834","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084919824","display_name":"Libo Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7414-1255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Libo Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077679137","display_name":"Jochen Lang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-9548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jochen Lang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077679137","https://openalex.org/A5084919824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02878794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"4080","last_page":"4080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.8681490421295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6721104383468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6178479790687561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.610771119594574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5748530626296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5714840292930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5091263651847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-flow","display_name":"Optical flow","score":0.5003728866577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4712767004966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4574103355407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45464855432510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.43015414476394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4278208613395691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3376997113227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.27108097076416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19244518876075745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.8681490421295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6721104383468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6178479790687561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.610771119594574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5748530626296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5714840292930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5091263651847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155542232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736111","display_name":"Optical flow","level":3,"score":0.5003728866577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4712767004966736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4574103355407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45464855432510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.43015414476394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4278208613395691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3376997113227844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27108097076416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19244518876075745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4080/pdf?version=1681817834","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37112421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10143342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10143342","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10143342/pdf/sensors-23-04080.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f6b7226f7864cb2bac27377618e41be","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f6b7226f7864cb2bac27377618e41be","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 8, p 4080 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/8/4080/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23084080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 8; Pages: 4080","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4080/pdf?version=1681817834","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366425237.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W764651262","https://openalex.org/W1513100184","https://openalex.org/W1578285471","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1867429401","https://openalex.org/W1921093919","https://openalex.org/W1936750108","https://openalex.org/W1951289974","https://openalex.org/W2033959528","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2156303437","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2331143823","https://openalex.org/W2408279554","https://openalex.org/W2507953016","https://openalex.org/W2548527721","https://openalex.org/W2560474170","https://openalex.org/W2604909019","https://openalex.org/W2751134959","https://openalex.org/W2769654144","https://openalex.org/W2779333428","https://openalex.org/W2810554001","https://openalex.org/W2890949887","https://openalex.org/W2894983388","https://openalex.org/W2904340070","https://openalex.org/W2942651646","https://openalex.org/W2952634764","https://openalex.org/W2962989121","https://openalex.org/W2963093735","https://openalex.org/W2963265330","https://openalex.org/W2963403249","https://openalex.org/W2963543962","https://openalex.org/W2963548592","https://openalex.org/W2963583471","https://openalex.org/W2963735582","https://openalex.org/W2963782415","https://openalex.org/W2963878474","https://openalex.org/W2963891416","https://openalex.org/W2964123261","https://openalex.org/W2964156315","https://openalex.org/W2964677288","https://openalex.org/W2964968086","https://openalex.org/W2967043539","https://openalex.org/W2970400386","https://openalex.org/W2971252756","https://openalex.org/W2980116241","https://openalex.org/W2982361806","https://openalex.org/W2982688687","https://openalex.org/W3002941659","https://openalex.org/W3013402579","https://openalex.org/W3024841368","https://openalex.org/W3034642839","https://openalex.org/W3034896357","https://openalex.org/W3035477606","https://openalex.org/W3035552210","https://openalex.org/W3087584369","https://openalex.org/W3096665954","https://openalex.org/W3100280854","https://openalex.org/W3101326883","https://openalex.org/W3102015846","https://openalex.org/W3108086282","https://openalex.org/W3120137259","https://openalex.org/W3176336346","https://openalex.org/W3184023119","https://openalex.org/W3187838476","https://openalex.org/W4212996245","https://openalex.org/W4294982475","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4319299902","https://openalex.org/W6639126518","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6682864246","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6743928203","https://openalex.org/W6747473890","https://openalex.org/W6751647823","https://openalex.org/W6754484989","https://openalex.org/W6755070853","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6768009244","https://openalex.org/W6774082479","https://openalex.org/W6785287398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162204513","https://openalex.org/W2371138613","https://openalex.org/W2048963458","https://openalex.org/W43109613","https://openalex.org/W2359952343","https://openalex.org/W2080152487","https://openalex.org/W2239445980","https://openalex.org/W2995553446","https://openalex.org/W2294590153","https://openalex.org/W4220659530"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Regularization":[0],"is":[1,34],"an":[2],"important":[3],"technique":[4],"for":[5],"training":[6,45],"deep":[7],"neural":[8],"networks.":[9],"In":[10],"this":[11],"paper,":[12],"we":[13],"propose":[14],"a":[15,21,28,53,127],"novel":[16],"shared-weight":[17,54],"teacher-student":[18,55],"strategy":[19],"and":[20,72,89,104,110,134,144,147],"content-aware":[22,31],"regularization":[23,93],"(CAR)":[24],"module.":[25],"Based":[26],"on":[27,69,82,108,111,124,136],"tiny,":[29],"learnable,":[30],"mask,":[32],"CAR":[33,57],"randomly":[35],"applied":[36],"to":[37,46,49],"some":[38],"channels":[39],"in":[40,52,62],"the":[41,83,86,105,153],"convolutional":[42],"layers":[43],"during":[44],"be":[47],"able":[48],"guide":[50],"predictions":[51],"strategy.":[56],"prevents":[58],"motion":[59],"estimation":[60,75],"methods":[61],"unsupervised":[63],"learning":[64],"from":[65],"co-adaptation.":[66],"Extensive":[67],"experiments":[68],"optical":[70],"flow":[71,74],"scene":[73],"show":[76],"that":[77],"our":[78,120],"method":[79,96,114,121,140],"significantly":[80],"improves":[81],"performance":[84],"of":[85],"original":[87,154],"networks":[88],"surpasses":[90,98],"other":[91],"popular":[92],"methods.":[94],"The":[95],"also":[97],"all":[99],"variants":[100],"with":[101],"similar":[102],"architectures":[103],"supervised":[106,130],"PWC-Net":[107,131],"MPI-Sintel":[109,125],"KITTI.":[112],"Our":[113,139],"shows":[115],"strong":[116],"cross-dataset":[117],"generalization,":[118],"i.e.,":[119],"solely":[122],"trained":[123,129],"outperforms":[126],"similarly":[128],"by":[132],"27.9%":[133],"32.9%":[135],"KITTI,":[137],"respectively.":[138],"uses":[141],"fewer":[142],"parameters":[143],"less":[145],"computation,":[146],"has":[148],"faster":[149],"inference":[150],"times":[151],"than":[152],"PWC-Net.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
