{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366091856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084034","title":"A Miniaturized 3D-Printed Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Sensor for Methane Detection with a High-Power Diode Laser","display_name":"A Miniaturized 3D-Printed Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Sensor for Methane Detection with a High-Power Diode Laser","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366091856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084034","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084034","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4034/pdf?version=1681703727","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4034/pdf?version=1681703727","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410754","display_name":"Yanjun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-7814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanjun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043819202","display_name":"Tiantian Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3954-0373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiantian Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113194653","display_name":"Shunda Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8709-0915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunda Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081165078","display_name":"Yufei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-7984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-7984","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081165078"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.1048,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86029459,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"4034","last_page":"4034"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoacoustic-spectroscopy","display_name":"Photoacoustic spectroscopy","score":0.74315345287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6770786046981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.6134477853775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diode","display_name":"Diode","score":0.5061013102531433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.48335808515548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-diode","display_name":"Laser diode","score":0.4718841314315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.45802032947540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-limit","display_name":"Detection limit","score":0.44627201557159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorption","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","score":0.4116586446762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3751440644264221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.3681503236293793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.21980684995651245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900415","display_name":"Photoacoustic spectroscopy","level":3,"score":0.74315345287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6770786046981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.6134477853775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.5061013102531433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.48335808515548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777048131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321098","display_name":"Laser diode","level":3,"score":0.4718841314315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.45802032947540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119128265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900165","display_name":"Detection limit","level":2,"score":0.44627201557159424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.4116586446762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3751440644264221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.3681503236293793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.21980684995651245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084034","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4034/pdf?version=1681703727","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37112375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10142101","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10142101","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10142101/pdf/sensors-23-04034.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:33fdab99b6694f2daa62435bff1eabf2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/33fdab99b6694f2daa62435bff1eabf2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 8, p 4034 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/8/4034/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23084034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 8; Pages: 4034","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23084034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084034","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/4034/pdf?version=1681703727","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1907232030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62275065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3279364797","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61875047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921018681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62022032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7039554463","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61505041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7189493982","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61875047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7817159242","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61505041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7923360979","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62022032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366091856.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984952535","https://openalex.org/W2001958168","https://openalex.org/W2006916990","https://openalex.org/W2016850367","https://openalex.org/W2041478491","https://openalex.org/W2046956470","https://openalex.org/W2081960265","https://openalex.org/W2086653065","https://openalex.org/W2106652810","https://openalex.org/W2292534239","https://openalex.org/W2344646944","https://openalex.org/W2756625682","https://openalex.org/W2800709791","https://openalex.org/W2891567574","https://openalex.org/W2901356991","https://openalex.org/W2912739542","https://openalex.org/W2943988063","https://openalex.org/W2997093666","https://openalex.org/W2997974760","https://openalex.org/W3112182649","https://openalex.org/W3154508310","https://openalex.org/W3171788053","https://openalex.org/W3178567191","https://openalex.org/W3214928642","https://openalex.org/W4200142333","https://openalex.org/W4200423007","https://openalex.org/W4200555950","https://openalex.org/W4214630579","https://openalex.org/W4226328021","https://openalex.org/W4226518828","https://openalex.org/W4229041307","https://openalex.org/W4252069976","https://openalex.org/W4285065353","https://openalex.org/W4285258601","https://openalex.org/W4285410741","https://openalex.org/W4285682520","https://openalex.org/W4286568241","https://openalex.org/W4289688101","https://openalex.org/W4294663973","https://openalex.org/W4308741958","https://openalex.org/W4310834064","https://openalex.org/W4313447350","https://openalex.org/W4321601976","https://openalex.org/W4327858945","https://openalex.org/W4327951970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391410777","https://openalex.org/W4280522672","https://openalex.org/W2107798612","https://openalex.org/W2748193102","https://openalex.org/W2377726395","https://openalex.org/W2015241457","https://openalex.org/W1986304127","https://openalex.org/W2369159596","https://openalex.org/W2382138669","https://openalex.org/W2195707829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,98,163,184],"invited":[2],"paper,":[3],"a":[4,20,25,64,78,113,224,255],"highly":[5,219],"sensitive":[6,220],"methane":[7],"(CH4)":[8],"trace":[9],"gas":[10,171],"sensor":[11,165,186],"based":[12],"on":[13,244],"quartz-enhanced":[14],"photoacoustic":[15,74],"spectroscopy":[16],"(QEPAS)":[17],"technique":[18],"using":[19],"high-power":[21,39,135],"diode":[22,40,136],"laser":[23,41,149],"and":[24,73,85,91,116,122,227,242,254],"miniaturized":[26],"3D-printed":[27,68,99,141],"acoustic":[28,129],"detection":[29,75,195],"unit":[30],"(ADU)":[31],"is":[32,232],"demonstrated":[33],"for":[34,234],"the":[35,49,59,71,134,169,235],"first":[36],"time.":[37],"A":[38,67,107,218],"emitting":[42],"at":[43],"6057.10":[44],"cm\u22121":[45],"(1650.96":[46],"nm),":[47],"with":[48,112,140,173,223],"optical":[50,72],"power":[51],"up":[52],"to":[53,62,155,200],"38":[54],"mW,":[55],"was":[56,104,125,143,153,166,177,198,211],"selected":[57],"as":[58,127,213,248],"excitation":[60],"source":[61],"provide":[63],"strong":[65],"excitation.":[66],"ADU,":[69,100,142,231],"including":[70,101],"elements,":[76,103],"had":[77,187],"dimension":[79],"of":[80,97,119,133,162,230],"42":[81],"mm,":[82,84],"27":[83],"8":[86],"mm":[87],"in":[88,145],"length,":[89],"width,":[90],"height,":[92],"respectively.":[93],"The":[94,131,147,159,179,193,204],"total":[95],"weight":[96,229],"all":[102],"6":[105],"g.":[106],"quartz":[108],"tuning":[109],"fork":[110],"(QTF)":[111],"resonant":[114],"frequency":[115],"Q":[117],"factor":[118],"32.749":[120],"kHz":[121],"10,598,":[123],"respectively,":[124],"used":[126],"an":[128,188,249],"transducer.":[130],"performance":[132],"laser-based":[137],"CH4\u2013QEPAS":[138,164,185,221],"sensor,":[139,222],"investigated":[144],"detail.":[146],"optimum":[148],"wavelength":[150],"modulation":[151],"depth":[152],"found":[154,199],"be":[156,201,240],"0.302":[157],"cm\u22121.":[158],"concentration":[160,175,191],"response":[161],"researched":[167],"when":[168],"CH4":[170],"sample,":[172],"different":[174],"samples,":[176],"adopted.":[178],"obtained":[180,212],"results":[181],"showed":[182],"that":[183],"outstanding":[189],"linear":[190],"response.":[192],"minimum":[194],"limit":[196],"(MDL)":[197],"14.93":[202],"ppm.":[203],"normalized":[205],"noise":[206],"equivalent":[207],"absorption":[208],"(NNEA)":[209],"coefficient":[210],"2.20":[214],"\u00d7":[215],"10\u22127":[216],"cm\u22121W/Hz\u22121/2.":[217],"small":[225],"volume":[226],"light":[228],"advantageous":[233],"real":[236],"applications.":[237],"It":[238],"can":[239],"portable":[241],"carried":[243],"some":[245],"platforms,":[246],"such":[247],"unmanned":[250],"aerial":[251],"vehicle":[252],"(UAV)":[253],"balloon.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}