{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365509291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083994","title":"Energy Consumption Optimization of a Fluid Bed Dryer in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Using EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)","display_name":"Energy Consumption Optimization of a Fluid Bed Dryer in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Using EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365509291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083994","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23083994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083994","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3994/pdf?version=1681479942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3994/pdf?version=1681479942","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068609128","display_name":"Roberto Barriga","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122008","display_name":"Almirall (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/03qsven24","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122008"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Barriga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrias Farmac\u00e9uticas Almirall, Ctra. N-II, Km. 593, 08740 Sant Andreu de la Barca, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrias Farmac\u00e9uticas Almirall, Ctra. N-II, Km. 593, 08740 Sant Andreu de la Barca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047420627","display_name":"Miquel Romero-Ob\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5183-5142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122008","display_name":"Almirall (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/03qsven24","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122008"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miquel Romero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrias Farmac\u00e9uticas Almirall, Ctra. N-II, Km. 593, 08740 Sant Andreu de la Barca, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5183-5142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrias Farmac\u00e9uticas Almirall, Ctra. N-II, Km. 593, 08740 Sant Andreu de la Barca, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019439041","display_name":"Houcine Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2038-0587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houcine Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica de Sistemas y Computadores, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, No. 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Inform\u00e1tica de Sistemas y Computadores, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, No. 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080487472","display_name":"David Nettleton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5852-7716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David F. Nettleton","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRIS Technology Solutions, Ctra. d\u2019Esplugues, 39, 08940 Cornella de Llobregat, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5852-7716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRIS Technology Solutions, Ctra. d\u2019Esplugues, 39, 08940 Cornella de Llobregat, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068609128"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122008"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.2284,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75400152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"3994","last_page":"3994"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9498000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9498000144958496,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9387999773025513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.7195046544075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6206263303756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-pre-processing","display_name":"Data pre-processing","score":0.5511493682861328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5259014964103699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48593106865882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.45589354634284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4456864595413208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-extraction","display_name":"Data extraction","score":0.4286722242832184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4126089811325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3341895341873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3267466425895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.3221970796585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.28736650943756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17044773697853088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13003385066986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.124615877866745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.11497744917869568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.7195046544075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6206263303756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.5511493682861328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5259014964103699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48593106865882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.45589354634284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4456864595413208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.4286722242832184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4126089811325073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3341895341873169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3267466425895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.3221970796585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28736650943756104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17044773697853088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13003385066986084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.124615877866745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.11497744917869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23083994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083994","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3994/pdf?version=1681479942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37112342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10144200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10144200","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10144200/pdf/sensors-23-03994.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/205086","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10251/205086","pdf_url":"https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/10251/205086/1/BarrigaRomeroHassan%20-%20Energy%20Consumption%20Optimization%20of%20a%20Fluid%20Bed%20Dryer%20in%20Pharmaceutical%20Manu....pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400639","display_name":"RiuNet (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:64c486fb8f3747e4970c9190a04358ef","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/64c486fb8f3747e4970c9190a04358ef","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 8, p 3994 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/8/3994/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 8; Pages: 3994","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23083994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083994","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3994/pdf?version=1681479942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4365509291.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154661317","https://openalex.org/W1591298995","https://openalex.org/W1984899361","https://openalex.org/W2073750282","https://openalex.org/W2075419637","https://openalex.org/W2094888926","https://openalex.org/W2169065309","https://openalex.org/W2760129890","https://openalex.org/W3021976286","https://openalex.org/W3117345419","https://openalex.org/W3155238649","https://openalex.org/W4306174831","https://openalex.org/W6606216004"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2989490741","https://openalex.org/W138569904","https://openalex.org/W2367545121","https://openalex.org/W4248881655","https://openalex.org/W2482165163","https://openalex.org/W3010890513","https://openalex.org/W3092506759","https://openalex.org/W2390914021","https://openalex.org/W2389417819","https://openalex.org/W2393746579"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,41,183],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,25,64,115,131],"data":[4,19,122,136,149],"preprocessing":[5],"methodology,":[6],"EDA":[7,110,129],"(Exploratory":[8,111],"Data":[9,112],"Analysis),":[10],"is":[11,43,67,114,130],"used":[12],"for":[13],"performing":[14],"an":[15,158,162,186,194],"exploration":[16,143],"of":[17,24,40,46,54,71,79,104,117,134,146,157,168,175,189,198],"the":[18,22,31,35,44,52,72,77,82,89,101,105,108,147,155,179],"captured":[20],"from":[21,150],"sensors":[23],"fluid":[26,180],"bed":[27,181],"dryer":[28],"to":[29,62,86,123],"reduce":[30],"energy":[32,187,196],"consumption":[33],"during":[34],"preheating":[36,166],"phase.":[37],"The":[38,59,142],"objective":[39],"process":[42],"extraction":[45],"liquids":[47],"such":[48,99],"as":[49,100],"water":[50],"through":[51],"injection":[53],"dry":[55,63],"and":[56,126,144],"hot":[57],"air.":[58],"time":[60,83,167],"taken":[61],"pharmaceutical":[65],"product":[66,73],"typically":[68],"uniform,":[69],"independent":[70],"weight":[74],"(Kg)":[75],"or":[76,119,138],"type":[78],"product.":[80],"However,":[81],"it":[84],"takes":[85],"heat":[87],"up":[88],"equipment":[90],"before":[91],"drying":[92],"can":[93],"vary":[94],"depending":[95],"on":[96],"different":[97],"factors,":[98],"skill":[102],"level":[103],"person":[106],"operating":[107],"machine.":[109],"Analysis)":[113],"method":[116],"evaluating":[118],"comprehending":[120],"sensor":[121,148],"derive":[124],"insights":[125],"key":[127],"characteristics.":[128],"critical":[132],"component":[133],"any":[135],"science":[137],"machine":[139],"learning":[140],"process.":[141],"analysis":[145],"experimental":[151],"trials":[152],"has":[153],"facilitated":[154],"identification":[156],"optimal":[159],"configuration,":[160],"with":[161],"average":[163],"reduction":[164],"in":[165,178],"one":[169],"hour.":[170],"For":[171],"each":[172],"processed":[173],"batch":[174],"150":[176],"kg":[177],"dryer,":[182],"translates":[184],"into":[185],"saving":[188,197],"around":[190],"18.5":[191],"kWh,":[192],"giving":[193],"annual":[195],"over":[199],"3.700":[200],"kWh.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}