{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365509821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083987","title":"A Time-of-Flight Image Sensor Using 8-Tap P-N Junction Demodulator Pixels","display_name":"A Time-of-Flight Image Sensor Using 8-Tap P-N Junction Demodulator Pixels","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365509821","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083987","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112329"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23083987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083987","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3987/pdf?version=1681465397","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3987/pdf?version=1681465397","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053207321","display_name":"Ryosuke Miyazawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryosuke Miyazawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053120497","display_name":"Yuya Shirakawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-0005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuya Shirakawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-0005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018860406","display_name":"Kamel Mars","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-6465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamel Mars","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-6465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032893390","display_name":"Keita Yasutomi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0818-8506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keita Yasutomi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102722014","display_name":"Keiichiro Kagawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-2029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keiichiro Kagawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110719675","display_name":"Satoshi Aoyama","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Aoyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookman Technology, Inc., Hamamatsu 430-0936, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookman Technology, Inc., Hamamatsu 430-0936, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065338590","display_name":"Shoji Kawahito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-5006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298590031","display_name":"Shizuoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6wtk13","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shoji Kawahito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brookman Technology, Inc., Hamamatsu 430-0936, Japan","Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brookman Technology, Inc., Hamamatsu 430-0936, Japan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8011, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065338590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298590031"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.5308,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94020219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"3987","last_page":"3987"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.87213134765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6875994801521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.5805394649505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.5442221164703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-coupled-device","display_name":"Charge-coupled device","score":0.5287104845046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5164830684661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-range","display_name":"Dynamic range","score":0.4873414933681488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39243006706237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.389972984790802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.385125070810318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.26159223914146423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19085636734962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14230740070343018}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.87213134765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6875994801521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.5805394649505615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.5442221164703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152213855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189880","display_name":"Charge-coupled device","level":2,"score":0.5287104845046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5164830684661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87133666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161699","display_name":"Dynamic range","level":2,"score":0.4873414933681488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39243006706237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.389972984790802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.385125070810318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.26159223914146423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19085636734962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14230740070343018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23083987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083987","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3987/pdf?version=1681465397","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37112329","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10143804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10143804","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10143804/pdf/sensors-23-03987.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f6e38193ee7a412a89d91a34434707c7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f6e38193ee7a412a89d91a34434707c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 8, p 3987 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/8/3987/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 8; Pages: 3987","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23083987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083987","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3987/pdf?version=1681465397","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3597476065","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18H05240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322832","display_name":"University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4365509821.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560965673","https://openalex.org/W1897918094","https://openalex.org/W1975328031","https://openalex.org/W1975545060","https://openalex.org/W2007873071","https://openalex.org/W2020640905","https://openalex.org/W2038643807","https://openalex.org/W2057171916","https://openalex.org/W2058662614","https://openalex.org/W2076642115","https://openalex.org/W2102603762","https://openalex.org/W2132347110","https://openalex.org/W2144372297","https://openalex.org/W2161193699","https://openalex.org/W2558344443","https://openalex.org/W2578612933","https://openalex.org/W2790853419","https://openalex.org/W2883871536","https://openalex.org/W2893585393","https://openalex.org/W2906868222","https://openalex.org/W2921928445","https://openalex.org/W2973862492","https://openalex.org/W2997346195","https://openalex.org/W3005645208","https://openalex.org/W3005771825","https://openalex.org/W3085380924","https://openalex.org/W3087944237","https://openalex.org/W3120192381","https://openalex.org/W3135101855","https://openalex.org/W3136617232","https://openalex.org/W4205464024","https://openalex.org/W4286571822","https://openalex.org/W4318827279","https://openalex.org/W6679556106","https://openalex.org/W6902535886"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2153272922","https://openalex.org/W2883871536","https://openalex.org/W2064050377","https://openalex.org/W2073961179","https://openalex.org/W1528398658","https://openalex.org/W2144953109","https://openalex.org/W3175515417","https://openalex.org/W2121771675","https://openalex.org/W2057171916","https://openalex.org/W2116744280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,130],"paper":[1,131],"presents":[2,133],"a":[3,152],"time-of-flight":[4],"image":[5,64,80,164,228],"sensor":[6,65,165],"based":[7],"on":[8],"8-Tap":[9],"P-N":[10],"junction":[11],"demodulator":[12,30],"(PND)":[13],"pixels,":[14,86],"which":[15,123],"is":[16,124,216],"designed":[17],"for":[18,37,103,126,141,190],"hybrid-type":[19,167,226],"short-pulse":[20],"(SP)-based":[21],"ToF":[22,63,111,128,169,227],"measurements":[23,112,170],"under":[24,113,200],"strong":[25],"ambient":[26,115,202],"light.":[27],"The":[28,62,209],"8-tap":[29,84],"implemented":[31,66,163],"with":[32,89,94,171],"multiple":[33],"p-n":[34],"junctions":[35],"used":[36],"modulating":[38],"the":[39,83,95,104,143,162,180,184,191,223],"electric":[40],"potential":[41],"to":[42,45,161],"transfer":[43],"photoelectrons":[44],"eight":[46,90],"charge-sensing":[47],"nodes":[48],"and":[49,101,151,183,198],"charge":[50],"drains":[51],"has":[52],"an":[53,74,134],"advantage":[54],"of":[55,73,82,98,174,179,188,195,222],"high-speed":[56],"demodulation":[57],"in":[58,213],"large":[59],"photosensitive":[60],"areas.":[61],"using":[67,119],"0.11":[68],"\u00b5m":[69],"CIS":[70],"technology,":[71],"consisting":[72],"120":[75],"(H)":[76],"\u00d7":[77],"60":[78],"(V)":[79],"array":[81],"PND":[85],"successfully":[87],"works":[88],"consecutive":[91],"time-gating":[92],"windows":[93],"gating":[96],"width":[97],"10":[99],"ns":[100],"demonstrates":[102],"first":[105],"time":[106],"that":[107,221],"long-range":[108],"(>10":[109],"m)":[110],"high":[114],"light":[116,203],"are":[117],"realized":[118],"single-frame":[120,168],"signals":[121],"only,":[122],"essential":[125],"motion-artifact-free":[127],"measurements.":[129],"also":[132],"improved":[135],"depth-adaptive":[136],"time-gating-number":[137],"assignment":[138],"(DATA)":[139],"technique":[140],"extending":[142],"depth":[144,172,193,210],"range":[145,194],"while":[146],"having":[147],"ambient-light":[148],"canceling":[149],"capability":[150],"nonlinearity":[153],"error":[154,187],"correction":[155],"technique.":[156],"By":[157],"applying":[158],"these":[159],"techniques":[160],"chip,":[166],"precision":[173],"maximally":[175],"16.4":[176],"cm":[177],"(1.4%":[178],"maximum":[181,185],"range)":[182],"non-linearity":[186],"0.6%":[189],"full-scale":[192],"1.0-11.5":[196],"m":[197],"operations":[199],"direct-sunlight-level":[201],"(80":[204],"klux)":[205],"have":[206],"been":[207],"realized.":[208],"linearity":[211],"achieved":[212],"this":[214],"work":[215],"2.5":[217],"times":[218],"better":[219],"than":[220],"state-of-the-art":[224],"4-tap":[225],"sensor.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}