{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365448689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083929","title":"An Automatic Calibration Method for Kappa Angle Based on a Binocular Gaze Constraint","display_name":"An Automatic Calibration Method for Kappa Angle Based on a Binocular Gaze Constraint","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365448689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083929","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23083929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083929","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3929/pdf?version=1681382511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3929/pdf?version=1681382511","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326005","display_name":"Jiahui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5540-8068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081901258","display_name":"Jiannan Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3828-5745"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiannan Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528399, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shunde Innovation School, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Foshan 528399, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103162799","display_name":"Hang Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Engineering Research Center of Industrial Spectrum Imaging, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081901258"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.6772,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69719678,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"8","first_page":"3929","last_page":"3929"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9204999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8111129999160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.7424060106277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6912783980369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6400061249732971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5882360339164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5876237750053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.530817985534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viewing-angle","display_name":"Viewing angle","score":0.5006623268127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kappa","display_name":"Kappa","score":0.47679805755615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.47072306275367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-axis","display_name":"Optical axis","score":0.43639475107192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-angle","display_name":"Visual angle","score":0.4135250449180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.35608601570129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.32842087745666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24655157327651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.21906331181526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0770258903503418}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8111129999160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.7424060106277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6912783980369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6400061249732971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5882360339164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5876237750053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.530817985534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776694159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351676","display_name":"Viewing angle","level":3,"score":0.5006623268127441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778724333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14401","display_name":"Kappa","level":2,"score":0.47679805755615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.47072306275367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3756478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3410566","display_name":"Optical axis","level":3,"score":0.43639475107192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200756006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336092","display_name":"Visual angle","level":2,"score":0.4135250449180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.35608601570129395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32842087745666504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24655157327651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.21906331181526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0770258903503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128019096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83341","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23083929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083929","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3929/pdf?version=1681382511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37112268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37112268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10145701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10145701","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10145701/pdf/sensors-23-03929.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c32f644363d9410089fec143763b9a9d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c32f644363d9410089fec143763b9a9d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 8, p 3929 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/8/3929/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 8; Pages: 3929","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23083929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083929","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/8/3929/pdf?version=1681382511","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1868920807","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4212023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2782221919","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRF-GF-20-04A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3052663334","display_name":"Dynamics and scattering of vortices and vortex rings","funder_award_id":"2206016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3344928744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3794190135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRF-GF-20-04A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4234147669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022A1515140016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4359361580","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022A1515140016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4684832267","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4212023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4687616079","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4212023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5663231291","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022A1515140016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7246550066","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7684122637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62206016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4365448689.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W349348480","https://openalex.org/W1971652879","https://openalex.org/W1981323225","https://openalex.org/W2069031758","https://openalex.org/W2097087373","https://openalex.org/W2101813754","https://openalex.org/W2105228079","https://openalex.org/W2113165517","https://openalex.org/W2114902384","https://openalex.org/W2125518445","https://openalex.org/W2130566362","https://openalex.org/W2158363907","https://openalex.org/W2344274234","https://openalex.org/W2354422866","https://openalex.org/W2594830060","https://openalex.org/W2737029439","https://openalex.org/W2793958520","https://openalex.org/W2895129012","https://openalex.org/W2947989563","https://openalex.org/W2957363826","https://openalex.org/W2995030999","https://openalex.org/W3108662837","https://openalex.org/W3127334354","https://openalex.org/W3143829044","https://openalex.org/W3165770525","https://openalex.org/W3202648990","https://openalex.org/W4312824520","https://openalex.org/W6677366723","https://openalex.org/W6736454308"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2321212819","https://openalex.org/W2266142460","https://openalex.org/W2524444659","https://openalex.org/W2765558307","https://openalex.org/W2039101074","https://openalex.org/W3138424819","https://openalex.org/W3114302631","https://openalex.org/W2827710470","https://openalex.org/W3104236722","https://openalex.org/W2035627394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Kappa-angle":[0],"calibration":[1,70,97,101,222],"shows":[2],"its":[3],"importance":[4],"in":[5,196,202],"gaze":[6,46,192],"tracking":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,35,43,65,88,146,167,173,227],"the":[10,14,22,26,30,37,41,44,52,62,73,84,90,100,115,125,135,140,147,151,155,161,174,179,186,191,197,203,211,228,231],"special":[11],"structure":[12],"of":[13,25,40,51,83,132,139,150,154,178,207,214,219,224,230,234],"eyeball.":[15],"In":[16,106],"a":[17,109],"3D":[18,126],"gaze-tracking":[19,235],"system,":[20],"after":[21],"optical":[23,38,79,130],"axis":[24,39],"eyeball":[27,42,85],"is":[28,33,98,103,121,143,165,223],"reconstructed,":[29],"kappa":[31,91,116,141,170,180],"angle":[32,117,142],"needed":[34],"convert":[36],"real":[45],"direction.":[47],"At":[48],"present,":[49],"most":[50],"kappa-angle-calibration":[53],"methods":[54],"use":[55,233],"explicit":[56,220],"user":[57,63,96],"calibration.":[58],"Before":[59],"eye-gaze":[60],"tracking,":[61],"needs":[64],"look":[66],"at":[67],"some":[68,77],"pre-defined":[69],"points":[71],"on":[72,124],"screen,":[74],"thereby":[75],"providing":[76],"corresponding":[78],"and":[80,129,157,160,200],"visual":[81,152],"axes":[82,131,153],"with":[86],"which":[87,208],"calculate":[89],"angle.":[92,181],"Especially":[93],"when":[94],"multi-point":[95],"required,":[99],"process":[102],"relatively":[104],"complicated.":[105],"this":[107],"paper,":[108],"method":[110,188],"that":[111,185],"can":[112,189],"automatically":[113],"calibrate":[114],"during":[118],"screen":[119],"browsing":[120],"proposed.":[122],"Based":[123],"corneal":[127],"centers":[128],"both":[133,206],"eyes,":[134,159],"optimal":[136],"objective":[137],"function":[138],"established":[144],"according":[145,172],"coplanar":[148],"constraint":[149,177],"left":[156],"right":[158],"differential":[162],"evolution":[163],"algorithm":[164],"used":[166],"iterate":[168],"through":[169],"angles":[171],"theoretical":[175],"angular":[176],"The":[182,217],"experiments":[183],"show":[184],"proposed":[187],"make":[190],"accuracy":[193],"reach":[194],"1.3\u00b0":[195],"horizontal":[198],"plane":[199],"1.34\u00b0":[201],"vertical":[204],"plane,":[205],"are":[209],"within":[210],"acceptable":[212],"margins":[213],"gaze-estimation":[215],"error.":[216],"demonstration":[218],"kappa-angle":[221],"great":[225],"significance":[226],"realization":[229],"instant":[232],"systems.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}