{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362671914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073761","title":"Defect Detection for Metal Shaft Surfaces Based on an Improved YOLOv5 Algorithm and Transfer Learning","display_name":"Defect Detection for Metal Shaft Surfaces Based on an Improved YOLOv5 Algorithm and Transfer Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362671914","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073761","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073761","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3761/pdf?version=1680760636","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3761/pdf?version=1680760636","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101948336","display_name":"Li Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3245-436X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Metallurgical Equipment and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Metallurgical Equipment and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102387445","display_name":"Quanjie Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanjie Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Metallurgical Equipment and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Metallurgical Equipment and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101948336"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.8553,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90890389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"3761","last_page":"3761"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.6797054409980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6529719829559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5924901962280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5888842940330505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5472280383110046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.5318918824195862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5213852524757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.49604710936546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.494912326335907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4773816466331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.47258007526397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4554436504840851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.448978066444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41308867931365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.13602441549301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08789339661598206}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6797054409980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6529719829559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5924901962280273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5888842940330505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5472280383110046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5318918824195862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5213852524757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.49604710936546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.494912326335907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4773816466331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.47258007526397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4554436504840851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.448978066444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41308867931365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.13602441549301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08789339661598206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073761","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3761/pdf?version=1680760636","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37050821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10098564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10098564","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10098564/pdf/sensors-23-03761.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:630e5f59d8ca4e7a90992124546d27b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/630e5f59d8ca4e7a90992124546d27b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 7, p 3761 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/7/3761/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 7; Pages: 3761","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073761","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073761","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3761/pdf?version=1680760636","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362671914.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W211198884","https://openalex.org/W344203161","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1967160092","https://openalex.org/W1981759979","https://openalex.org/W1988299413","https://openalex.org/W2012496675","https://openalex.org/W2070407351","https://openalex.org/W2146532890","https://openalex.org/W2169890662","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2338712801","https://openalex.org/W2343086726","https://openalex.org/W2468676150","https://openalex.org/W2536297875","https://openalex.org/W2588054711","https://openalex.org/W2606980007","https://openalex.org/W2737850527","https://openalex.org/W2768955070","https://openalex.org/W2772386856","https://openalex.org/W2782536355","https://openalex.org/W2782604932","https://openalex.org/W2804338896","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2891336752","https://openalex.org/W2944303778","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W3011228792","https://openalex.org/W3012374719","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3210193654","https://openalex.org/W4205763372","https://openalex.org/W4206765025","https://openalex.org/W4285058508","https://openalex.org/W4285798956","https://openalex.org/W4291972502","https://openalex.org/W6810979635"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162204513","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2371138613","https://openalex.org/W3183901164","https://openalex.org/W3135818718","https://openalex.org/W4290188444","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3003905048","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W3127975138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"address":[1],"the":[2,11,28,44,48,53,58,62,71,79,90,94,98,105,125],"problem":[3],"of":[4,47,97,111,118,139],"low":[5],"efficiency":[6],"for":[7,15,121,142],"manual":[8],"detection":[9,13,24,116,123],"in":[10],"defect":[12,23,122],"field":[14],"metal":[16,130],"shafts,":[17],"we":[18,33,84],"propose":[19],"a":[20,35,115],"deep":[21],"learning":[22,87],"method":[25,106],"based":[26],"on":[27,124],"improved":[29],"YOLOv5":[30],"algorithm.":[31],"First,":[32],"add":[34],"Convolutional":[36],"Block":[37],"Attention":[38],"Module":[39],"(CBAM)":[40],"mechanism":[41],"layer":[42,46],"to":[43,51,69,88],"last":[45],"backbone":[49],"network":[50,60],"improve":[52,93],"feature":[54,81],"extraction":[55],"capability.":[56],"Second,":[57],"neck":[59],"introduces":[61],"Bi-directional":[63],"Feature":[64],"Pyramid":[65],"Network":[66,74],"(BiFPN)":[67],"module":[68],"replace":[70],"original":[72],"Path-Aggregation":[73],"(PAN)":[75],"structure":[76],"and":[77,92,114,135,137],"enhance":[78],"multi-scale":[80],"fusion.":[82],"Finally,":[83],"use":[85],"transfer":[86],"pre-train":[89],"model":[91],"generalization":[95],"ability":[96],"model.":[99],"The":[100],"experimental":[101],"results":[102],"show":[103],"that":[104],"achieves":[107],"an":[108],"average":[109],"accuracy":[110],"93.6%":[112],"mAP":[113],"speed":[117],"16.7":[119],"FPS":[120],"dataset,":[126],"which":[127],"can":[128],"identify":[129],"shaft":[131],"surface":[132],"defects":[133],"quickly":[134],"accurately,":[136],"is":[138],"reference":[140],"significance":[141],"practical":[143],"industrial":[144],"applications.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-30T09:04:40.226872","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}