{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362632867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073756","title":"Development of a Target-to-Sensor Mode Multispectral Imaging Device for High-Throughput and High-Precision Touch-Based Leaf-Scale Soybean Phenotyping","display_name":"Development of a Target-to-Sensor Mode Multispectral Imaging Device for High-Throughput and High-Precision Touch-Based Leaf-Scale Soybean Phenotyping","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362632867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073756","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073756","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3756/pdf?version=1680830695","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3756/pdf?version=1680830695","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362377","display_name":"Xuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4164-4980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052778205","display_name":"Ziling Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4579-4914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziling Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068807179","display_name":"Xing Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8668-0163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100578585","display_name":"Tianzhang Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianzhang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100745791","display_name":"Jian Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0696-1825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jian Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100745791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.9889,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75877428,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"3756","last_page":"3756"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.8498344421386719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6385141611099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6027746796607971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5546956658363342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.5057034492492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.48599252104759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47320836782455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4606459438800812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenomics","display_name":"Phenomics","score":0.4542156457901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4272342920303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4245874285697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1815081536769867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09895849227905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.08549892902374268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.8498344421386719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6385141611099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6027746796607971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5546956658363342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.5057034492492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.48599252104759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47320836782455444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4606459438800812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98108635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497275","display_name":"Phenomics","level":5,"score":0.4542156457901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4272342920303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4245874285697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1815081536769867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09895849227905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08549892902374268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189206191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046","display_name":"Genomics","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010944","descriptor_name":"Plants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013025","descriptor_name":"Glycine max","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018515","descriptor_name":"Plant Leaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058998","descriptor_name":"Remote Sensing Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058998","descriptor_name":"Remote Sensing Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058998","descriptor_name":"Remote Sensing Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058998","descriptor_name":"Remote Sensing Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073756","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3756/pdf?version=1680830695","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37050815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10098662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10098662","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10098662/pdf/sensors-23-03756.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:60e1e87655e944f48ea6206603eb7264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/60e1e87655e944f48ea6206603eb7264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 7, p 3756 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/7/3756/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 7; Pages: 3756","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073756","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073756","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3756/pdf?version=1680830695","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309036","display_name":"Purdue University","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362632867.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516502116","https://openalex.org/W1576615130","https://openalex.org/W1964261730","https://openalex.org/W2019033896","https://openalex.org/W2020868791","https://openalex.org/W2138216484","https://openalex.org/W2339723389","https://openalex.org/W2397583252","https://openalex.org/W2460516100","https://openalex.org/W2730129132","https://openalex.org/W2767657507","https://openalex.org/W2767844785","https://openalex.org/W2778624726","https://openalex.org/W2783919861","https://openalex.org/W2889821810","https://openalex.org/W2957487338","https://openalex.org/W2970304030","https://openalex.org/W2981732984","https://openalex.org/W2992838650","https://openalex.org/W2999059668","https://openalex.org/W3000185567","https://openalex.org/W3002058427","https://openalex.org/W3016072257","https://openalex.org/W3040627243","https://openalex.org/W3105938520","https://openalex.org/W3120796849","https://openalex.org/W3159407029","https://openalex.org/W3193496855","https://openalex.org/W4200093147","https://openalex.org/W4221055929","https://openalex.org/W4281482569","https://openalex.org/W4293063409","https://openalex.org/W4313457019","https://openalex.org/W6682043285","https://openalex.org/W6747148154","https://openalex.org/W6838034113"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249881829","https://openalex.org/W2953048636","https://openalex.org/W304886144","https://openalex.org/W4387031483","https://openalex.org/W2918339067","https://openalex.org/W2150403567","https://openalex.org/W2325942054","https://openalex.org/W4288220925","https://openalex.org/W2733608569","https://openalex.org/W2084925037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image-based":[0],"spectroscopy":[1],"phenotyping":[2],"is":[3,272],"a":[4,26,92,162,255,278],"rapidly":[5],"growing":[6],"field":[7,238],"that":[8,97,276],"investigates":[9],"how":[10],"genotype,":[11],"environment":[12],"and":[13,56,85,111,119,132,145,156,185,213,239],"management":[14],"interact":[15],"using":[16],"remote":[17,34,257,279],"or":[18],"proximal":[19,65,93,171,206],"sensing":[20,35,105,207,258,280],"systems":[21],"to":[22,47,72,103,120,130,169,182,189],"capture":[23],"images":[24,228],"of":[25,31,76,154,194,205,215,262,277],"plant":[27,57],"under":[28],"multiple":[29],"wavelengths":[30],"light.":[32],"While":[33],"techniques":[36],"have":[37,233],"proven":[38,240],"effective":[39],"in":[40,161,165,236],"crop":[41],"phenotyping,":[42],"they":[43],"can":[44,98],"be":[45],"subject":[46],"various":[48],"noise":[49],"sources,":[50],"such":[51],"as":[52],"varying":[53],"lighting":[54,187,225],"conditions":[55,188],"physiological":[58],"status,":[59],"including":[60],"leaf":[61,102,173],"orientation.":[62],"Moreover,":[63],"current":[64],"leaf-scale":[66,113],"imaging":[67,80,95,122,166,174,200],"devices":[68],"require":[69],"the":[70,74,77,101,104,117,134,141,148,152,158,192,195,198,220,237,263,267],"sensors":[71],"accommodate":[73],"state":[75],"samples":[78],"during":[79],"which":[81],"induced":[82,222],"extra":[83],"time":[84],"labor":[86,153],"cost.":[87],"Therefore,":[88],"this":[89,124,177,231],"study":[90],"developed":[91],"multispectral":[94],"device":[96,125,149,178,201,232,268],"actively":[99],"attract":[100],"area":[106],"(target-to-sensor":[107],"mode)":[108],"for":[109],"high-precision":[110],"high-throughput":[112],"phenotyping.":[114],"To":[115],"increase":[116,164],"throughput":[118],"optimize":[121],"results,":[123],"innovatively":[126],"uses":[127,179],"active":[128],"airflow":[129],"reposition":[131],"flatten":[133],"soybean":[135],"leaf.":[136],"This":[137],"novel":[138],"mechanism":[139],"redefines":[140],"traditional":[142],"sensor-to-target":[143],"mode":[144],"has":[146,244],"relieved":[147],"operator":[150],"from":[151],"capturing":[155],"holding":[157],"leaf,":[159],"resulting":[160],"five-fold":[163],"speed":[167],"compared":[168],"conventional":[170],"whole":[172],"device.":[175],"Besides,":[176],"artificial":[180],"lights":[181],"create":[183],"stable":[184],"consistent":[186],"further":[190],"improve":[191],"quality":[193,214],"images.":[196],"Furthermore,":[197],"touch-based":[199],"takes":[202],"full":[203],"advantage":[204],"by":[208,218,223,230,266],"providing":[209],"ultra-high":[210],"spatial":[211],"resolution":[212],"each":[216],"pixel":[217],"blocking":[219],"noises":[221],"ambient":[224],"variances.":[226],"The":[227,260],"captured":[229],"been":[234],"tested":[235],"effective.":[241],"Specifically,":[242],"it":[243],"successfully":[245],"identified":[246],"nitrogen":[247],"deficiency":[248],"treatment":[249],"at":[250],"an":[251],"earlier":[252],"stage":[253],"than":[254,275],"typical":[256],"system.":[259],"<i>p</i>-value":[261],"data":[264],"collected":[265],"(<i>p":[269,282],"=</i>":[270,283],"0.008)":[271],"significantly":[273],"lower":[274],"system":[281],"0.239).":[284]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
