{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362560020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073700","title":"A Study of R-R Interval Transition Matrix Features for Machine Learning Algorithms in AFib Detection","display_name":"A Study of R-R Interval Transition Matrix Features for Machine Learning Algorithms in AFib Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362560020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073700","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3700/pdf?version=1681181095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3700/pdf?version=1681181095","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003344645","display_name":"Sahil Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9592-4713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153901656","display_name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","ror":"https://ror.org/02t0qr014","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sahil Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA","John T. Hoggard High School, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9592-4713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"John T. Hoggard High School, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050403590","display_name":"Maximilian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4943-999X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153901656","display_name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","ror":"https://ror.org/02t0qr014","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA","Isaac M. Bear Early College High School, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4943-999X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Isaac M. Bear Early College High School, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009170358","display_name":"Justin Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112466870","display_name":"Georgia Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgia Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, University of Colorado\u2019s Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA","Department of Biostatistics, University of Colorado's Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Colorado\u2019s Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Colorado's Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014052149","display_name":"Cuixian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0938-8841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153901656","display_name":"University of North Carolina Wilmington","ror":"https://ror.org/02t0qr014","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuixian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0938-8841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003344645","https://openalex.org/A5050403590"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153901656"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.4532,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83407882,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"3700","last_page":"3700"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.965499997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10065","display_name":"Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes","score":0.9560999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.741458535194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.7048095464706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.699184000492096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6661950349807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6431618928909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5566215515136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.503689706325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-matrix","display_name":"Stochastic matrix","score":0.46569880843162537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permutation","display_name":"Permutation (music)","score":0.43575215339660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4350239932537079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4064740240573883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38663047552108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11109718680381775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.741458535194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.7048095464706421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.699184000492096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6661950349807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6431618928909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5566215515136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.503689706325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49555168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176583","display_name":"Stochastic matrix","level":3,"score":0.46569880843162537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.43575215339660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4350239932537079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4064740240573883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38663047552108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11109718680381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001281","descriptor_name":"Atrial Fibrillation","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001281","descriptor_name":"Atrial Fibrillation","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001281","descriptor_name":"Atrial Fibrillation","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006325","descriptor_name":"Heart Atria","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006325","descriptor_name":"Heart Atria","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006325","descriptor_name":"Heart Atria","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3700/pdf?version=1681181095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37050761","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10099376","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10099376","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10099376/pdf/sensors-23-03700.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bd79f05fd64d43f2aaa300536d2ba12d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bd79f05fd64d43f2aaa300536d2ba12d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 7, p 3700 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/7/3700/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 7; Pages: 3700","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073700","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073700","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3700/pdf?version=1681181095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4362560020.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94029231","https://openalex.org/W564027095","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1680797894","https://openalex.org/W1989737975","https://openalex.org/W2041691167","https://openalex.org/W2057402946","https://openalex.org/W2070549947","https://openalex.org/W2087655457","https://openalex.org/W2097201053","https://openalex.org/W2100797435","https://openalex.org/W2102636708","https://openalex.org/W2109692256","https://openalex.org/W2140005438","https://openalex.org/W2144938397","https://openalex.org/W2145073242","https://openalex.org/W2145391133","https://openalex.org/W2149515368","https://openalex.org/W2152432207","https://openalex.org/W2159975225","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2216326501","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2296045491","https://openalex.org/W2515241735","https://openalex.org/W2523663410","https://openalex.org/W2546425606","https://openalex.org/W2605056515","https://openalex.org/W2611159092","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2794550444","https://openalex.org/W2799357314","https://openalex.org/W2883914442","https://openalex.org/W2898975556","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2915509563","https://openalex.org/W2947046645","https://openalex.org/W2972255700","https://openalex.org/W2975157746","https://openalex.org/W2993062397","https://openalex.org/W2999440069","https://openalex.org/W3001838300","https://openalex.org/W3017210109","https://openalex.org/W3093397767","https://openalex.org/W3107065464","https://openalex.org/W3111500212","https://openalex.org/W3122804080","https://openalex.org/W3132267989","https://openalex.org/W3158572575","https://openalex.org/W3161616846","https://openalex.org/W3162447792","https://openalex.org/W3201459209","https://openalex.org/W4206338324","https://openalex.org/W4210830697","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4220990510","https://openalex.org/W4236137412","https://openalex.org/W4294819873","https://openalex.org/W4312640628","https://openalex.org/W6615783283","https://openalex.org/W6681651645","https://openalex.org/W6727141038","https://openalex.org/W6749634845","https://openalex.org/W6795302854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379536929","https://openalex.org/W3208169454","https://openalex.org/W3100297620","https://openalex.org/W3211193619","https://openalex.org/W4382701299","https://openalex.org/W4212956667","https://openalex.org/W2955385375","https://openalex.org/W4296081764","https://openalex.org/W4313488044","https://openalex.org/W3006165631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Atrial":[0],"Fibrillation":[1],"(AFib)":[2],"is":[3,37,45],"a":[4,48,74],"heart":[5,13],"condition":[6],"that":[7,213],"occurs":[8],"when":[9],"electrophysiological":[10],"malformations":[11],"within":[12],"tissues":[14],"cause":[15],"the":[16,22,55,70,93,121,133,149,164,169,188,197,206,214],"atria":[17],"to":[18,46,68,90],"lose":[19],"coordination":[20],"with":[21,158,221],"ventricles,":[23],"resulting":[24],"in":[25],"\"irregularly":[26],"irregular\"":[27],"heartbeats.":[28],"Because":[29],"symptoms":[30],"are":[31],"subtle":[32],"and":[33,85,112,130,143,180,193,208],"unpredictable,":[34],"AFib":[35,52],"diagnosis":[36],"often":[38],"difficult":[39],"or":[40],"delayed.":[41],"One":[42],"possible":[43],"solution":[44],"build":[47],"system":[49],"which":[50],"predicts":[51],"based":[53],"on":[54],"variability":[56],"of":[57,77,95,109,135],"R-R":[58,78],"intervals":[59],"(the":[60],"distances":[61],"between":[62],"two":[63,86],"R-peaks).":[64],"This":[65],"research":[66],"aims":[67],"incorporate":[69],"transition":[71,122,215],"matrix":[72,123,216],"as":[73],"novel":[75],"measure":[76],"variability,":[79],"while":[80],"combining":[81],"three":[82,105,189],"segmentation":[83,106,166,203],"schemes":[84],"feature":[87,145],"importance":[88,142,146,210],"measures":[89],"systematically":[91],"analyze":[92],"significance":[94],"individual":[96],"features.":[97],"The":[98],"MIT-BIH":[99],"dataset":[100],"was":[101],"first":[102],"divided":[103],"into":[104],"schemes,":[107],"consisting":[108],"5-s,":[110],"10-s,":[111],"25-s":[113,165],"subsets.":[114],"In":[115,156],"total,":[116],"21":[117],"various":[118],"features,":[119,124],"including":[120],"were":[125,218],"extracted":[126],"from":[127],"these":[128],"subsets":[129],"used":[131],"for":[132,153],"training":[134],"11":[136],"machine":[137],"learning":[138],"classifiers.":[139],"Next,":[140],"permutation":[141,207],"tree-based":[144,209],"calculations":[147],"determined":[148],"most":[150,219],"predictive":[151],"features":[152,217],"each":[154],"model.":[155],"summary,":[157],"Leave-One-Person-Out":[159],"Cross":[160],"Validation,":[161],"classifiers":[162],"under":[163],"scheme":[167],"produced":[168],"best":[170],"accuracies;":[171],"specifically,":[172],"Gradient":[173,177,182],"Boosting":[174,178,183],"(96.08%),":[175],"Light":[176],"(96.11%),":[179],"Extreme":[181],"(96.30%).":[184],"Among":[185],"eleven":[186],"classifiers,":[187],"gradient":[190],"boosting":[191],"models":[192],"Random":[194],"Forest":[195],"exhibited":[196],"highest":[198],"overall":[199],"performance":[200],"across":[201],"all":[202],"schemes.":[204],"Moreover,":[205],"results":[211],"demonstrated":[212],"significant":[220],"longer":[222],"subset":[223],"lengths.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}