{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361290712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073541","title":"Extreme-Low-Speed Heavy Load Bearing Fault Diagnosis by Using Improved RepVGG and Acoustic Emission Signals","display_name":"Extreme-Low-Speed Heavy Load Bearing Fault Diagnosis by Using Improved RepVGG and Acoustic Emission Signals","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361290712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073541","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050599"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073541","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3541/pdf?version=1680076995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3541/pdf?version=1680076995","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038504786","display_name":"Peng Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2642-1949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921716337","display_name":"Northeast Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03net5943","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042633139","display_name":"Wenyu Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3361-8097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921716337","display_name":"Northeast Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03net5943","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenyu Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100360790","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2305-2642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921716337","display_name":"Northeast Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03net5943","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422650","display_name":"Hongyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-6859"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Tongtai Hengsheng Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Tongtai Hengsheng Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100020, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331555","display_name":"Cong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-4126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921716337","display_name":"Northeast Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03net5943","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042633139"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.815,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84619713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"3541","last_page":"3541"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13213","display_name":"Mechanical Failure Analysis and Simulation","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bearing","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","score":0.8525369167327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-emission","display_name":"Acoustic emission","score":0.6644110083580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5836729407310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbine","display_name":"Turbine","score":0.515354573726654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cepstrum","display_name":"Cepstrum","score":0.48258793354034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.47591596841812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4511326253414154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-bench","display_name":"Test bench","score":0.4503718912601471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4174264073371887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4084339141845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3301132321357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3164654076099396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22390294075012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.08835574984550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08561542630195618}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199978012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273815","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.8525369167327881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174598085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746673","display_name":"Acoustic emission","level":2,"score":0.6644110083580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5836729407310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.515354573726654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88485024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054571","display_name":"Cepstrum","level":2,"score":0.48258793354034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47591596841812134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4511326253414154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776266606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476482","display_name":"Test bench","level":2,"score":0.4503718912601471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4174264073371887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4084339141845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3301132321357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3164654076099396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22390294075012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08835574984550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08561542630195618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073541","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3541/pdf?version=1680076995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37050599","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10099170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10099170","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10099170/pdf/sensors-23-03541.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:54e679986e1e40ea9ef0e6be307af89d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/54e679986e1e40ea9ef0e6be307af89d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 7, p 3541 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/7/3541/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 7; Pages: 3541","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073541","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3541/pdf?version=1680076995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1051688518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LBH-Q21083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2568798438","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LH2022E029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361290712.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W243674440","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1966994480","https://openalex.org/W2000982976","https://openalex.org/W2057488242","https://openalex.org/W2061171222","https://openalex.org/W2070803528","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2141150166","https://openalex.org/W2148154194","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2554610511","https://openalex.org/W2810292802","https://openalex.org/W2899718989","https://openalex.org/W2901889330","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2937941978","https://openalex.org/W2995140071","https://openalex.org/W2998506103","https://openalex.org/W3001026088","https://openalex.org/W3044914734","https://openalex.org/W3167976421","https://openalex.org/W3204719278","https://openalex.org/W3213826701","https://openalex.org/W4200322140","https://openalex.org/W4234372187","https://openalex.org/W4283575742","https://openalex.org/W4307134361","https://openalex.org/W4307939212","https://openalex.org/W4313259654","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6664673483"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393097294","https://openalex.org/W2889442519","https://openalex.org/W2381188978","https://openalex.org/W2364223432","https://openalex.org/W2988080746","https://openalex.org/W2100203012","https://openalex.org/W2377260462","https://openalex.org/W4241624627","https://openalex.org/W4285378741","https://openalex.org/W4387386938"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,15,25,29,33,36,51,106,110,119,129,149,167,170],"worldwide":[2],"carbon":[3],"neutralization":[4],"boom,":[5],"low-speed":[6,158],"heavy":[7,159],"load":[8,160],"bearings":[9],"have":[10,43,72],"been":[11,44,73],"widely":[12],"used":[13,45,116],"in":[14],"field":[16],"of":[17,32,55,169],"wind":[18,133],"power.":[19],"Bearing":[20],"failure":[21,48],"generates":[22],"impulses":[23],"when":[24],"rolling":[26],"element":[27],"passes":[28],"cracked":[30],"surface":[31],"bearing.":[34,137],"Over":[35],"past":[37],"decade,":[38],"acoustic":[39],"emission":[40],"(AE)":[41],"techniques":[42],"to":[46,61,117],"detect":[47],"signals.":[49],"However,":[50],"high":[52],"sampling":[53],"rates":[54],"AE":[56],"signals":[57,92],"make":[58],"it":[59],"difficult":[60],"design":[62],"and":[63,89,102,121,132],"extract":[64],"fault":[65,84],"features;":[66],"thus,":[67],"deep":[68],"neural":[69],"network-based":[70],"approaches":[71],"proposed.":[74],"In":[75,108],"this":[76],"paper,":[77],"we":[78],"proposed":[79,171],"an":[80],"improved":[81,150],"RepVGG":[82,151],"bearing":[83,91,161],"diagnosis":[85],"technique.":[86],"The":[87,144],"normalized":[88],"noise-reduced":[90],"were":[93,126,141],"first":[94],"converted":[95],"into":[96,105],"Mel":[97],"frequency":[98],"cepstrum":[99],"coefficients":[100],"(MFCCs)":[101],"then":[103],"inputted":[104],"model.":[107],"addition,":[109],"exponential":[111],"moving":[112],"average":[113],"method":[114],"was":[115,173],"optimize":[118],"model":[120,152,172],"improve":[122],"its":[123],"accuracy.":[124],"Data":[125],"extracted":[127],"from":[128],"test":[130],"bench":[131],"turbine":[134],"main":[135],"shaft":[136],"Four":[138],"damage":[139],"classes":[140],"studied":[142],"experimentally.":[143],"experimental":[145],"results":[146],"demonstrated":[147],"that":[148],"could":[153],"be":[154],"employed":[155],"for":[156],"classifying":[157],"states":[162],"by":[163,175],"using":[164],"MFCCs.":[165],"Furthermore,":[166],"effectiveness":[168],"assessed":[174],"performing":[176],"comparisons":[177],"with":[178],"existing":[179],"models.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}