{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360619536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073379","title":"Segmentation of Unsound Wheat Kernels Based on Improved Mask RCNN","display_name":"Segmentation of Unsound Wheat Kernels Based on Improved Mask RCNN","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360619536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073379","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073379","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3379/pdf?version=1679561108","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3379/pdf?version=1679561108","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005185413","display_name":"Ran Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8075-1159"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8075-1159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102835274","display_name":"Zhen Tong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tong Zhen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101984922","display_name":"Zhihui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-9488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36152291","display_name":"Henan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sbgwt55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Grain Information Processing and Control, Henan University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102835274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36152291"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":4.3623,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93435472,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"3379","last_page":"3379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7137613892555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6834138631820679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.6505144834518433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6085749864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5373783111572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5121219158172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4833614230155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.4831763803958893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4572756588459015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3766426146030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09232223033905029}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7137613892555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6834138631820679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6505144834518433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6085749864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5373783111572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5121219158172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4833614230155945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.4831763803958893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4572756588459015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3766426146030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09232223033905029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006225","descriptor_name":"Hand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006225","descriptor_name":"Hand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006225","descriptor_name":"Hand","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014908","descriptor_name":"Triticum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014908","descriptor_name":"Triticum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014908","descriptor_name":"Triticum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073379","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3379/pdf?version=1679561108","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37050436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37050436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10099221","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10099221","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10099221/pdf/sensors-23-03379.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:64462bec455a4148aa13b67d2fdc2a9a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/64462bec455a4148aa13b67d2fdc2a9a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 7, p 3379 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/7/3379/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23073379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 7; Pages: 3379","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23073379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073379","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3379/pdf?version=1679561108","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4360619536.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1556387249","https://openalex.org/W2009516051","https://openalex.org/W2144506857","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2247320960","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2920326761","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2987761193","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3034826836","https://openalex.org/W3036252790","https://openalex.org/W3113410735","https://openalex.org/W3118053069","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3175630421","https://openalex.org/W3177052299","https://openalex.org/W3197875528","https://openalex.org/W4221010126","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W4407310113","https://openalex.org/W6639619044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249847449","https://openalex.org/W44395729","https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W2765338038","https://openalex.org/W1496225612","https://openalex.org/W1566843515","https://openalex.org/W4292850564","https://openalex.org/W1523500768","https://openalex.org/W2181660907","https://openalex.org/W4382052965"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,151],"grade":[1],"of":[2,9,16],"wheat":[3,18,23,63,208],"quality":[4],"depends":[5],"on":[6,44,68,164],"the":[7,13,36,55,76,88,100,105,110,117,126,132,139,161,165,181,201,205],"proportion":[8],"unsound":[10,17,30,62,140],"kernels.":[11],"Therefore,":[12],"rapid":[14],"detection":[15,111],"kernels":[19,31,141],"is":[20],"important":[21],"for":[22,113,172,207],"rating":[24],"and":[25,39,104,144,153,157,160,189,198],"evaluation.":[26],"However,":[27],"in":[28],"practice,":[29],"are":[32],"hand-picked,":[33],"which":[34],"makes":[35],"process":[37],"time-consuming":[38],"inefficient.":[40],"Meanwhile,":[41],"methods":[42],"based":[43,67],"traditional":[45],"image":[46,174],"processing":[47],"cannot":[48],"divide":[49],"adherent":[50],"particles":[51],"well.":[52,150],"To":[53],"solve":[54],"above":[56],"problems,":[57],"this":[58],"paper":[59],"proposed":[60],"an":[61,69,92],"kernel":[64],"recognition":[65],"algorithm":[66,136],"improved":[70,133,182],"mask":[71,134],"RCNN.":[72],"First,":[73],"we":[74,179],"changed":[75],"feature":[77,101],"pyramid":[78,84,106],"network":[79,85,103,107,120],"(FPN)":[80],"to":[81,86,108,124],"a":[82],"bottom-up":[83],"strengthen":[87],"low-level":[89],"information.":[90],"Then,":[91],"attention":[93],"mechanism":[94],"(AM)":[95],"module":[96],"was":[97,122,175],"added":[98],"between":[99],"extraction":[102],"improve":[109,125],"accuracy":[112,197],"small":[114],"targets.":[115],"Finally,":[116],"regional":[118],"proposal":[119],"(RPN)":[121],"optimized":[123],"prediction":[127],"performance.":[128],"Experiments":[129],"showed":[130,191],"that":[131,192],"RCNN":[135],"could":[137],"identify":[138],"more":[142],"quickly":[143],"accurately":[145],"while":[146],"handling":[147],"adhesion":[148],"problems":[149],"precision":[152],"recall":[154],"were":[155],"86%":[156],"91%,":[158],"respectively,":[159],"inference":[162],"time":[163],"test":[166],"set":[167],"with":[168,184],"about":[169],"200":[170],"targets":[171],"each":[173],"7.83":[176],"s.":[177],"Additionally,":[178],"compared":[180],"model":[183,194],"other":[185,202],"existing":[186],"segmentation":[187],"models,":[188,203],"experiments":[190],"our":[193],"achieved":[195],"higher":[196],"performance":[199],"than":[200],"laying":[204],"foundation":[206],"grading.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}