{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4353089986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063319","title":"An In-Ear PPG-Based Blood Glucose Monitor: A Proof-of-Concept Study","display_name":"An In-Ear PPG-Based Blood Glucose Monitor: A Proof-of-Concept Study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4353089986","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063319","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36992029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063319","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3319/pdf?version=1679494392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3319/pdf?version=1679494392","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057271576","display_name":"Ghena Hammour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-4783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ghena Hammour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-4783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103001848","display_name":"Danilo P. Mandic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8432-3963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danilo P. Mandic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8432-3963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057271576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.5057,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93287029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"3319","last_page":"3319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.8745309114456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.4734762907028198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4503636360168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3661184310913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34562018513679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrinology","display_name":"Endocrinology","score":0.14475831389427185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1368671953678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.11134281754493713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.8745309114456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.4734762907028198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4503636360168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3661184310913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34562018513679504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.14475831389427185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1368671953678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.11134281754493713}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010092","descriptor_name":"Oximetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010092","descriptor_name":"Oximetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010092","descriptor_name":"Oximetry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010100","descriptor_name":"Oxygen","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010100","descriptor_name":"Oxygen","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010100","descriptor_name":"Oxygen","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015190","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015190","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015190","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063319","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3319/pdf?version=1679494392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36992029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36992029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10057625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10057625","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10057625/pdf/sensors-23-03319.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1383da6b1b7242b7bb4dea851dbf3289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1383da6b1b7242b7bb4dea851dbf3289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 6, p 3319 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/6/3319/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 6; Pages: 3319","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063319","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3319/pdf?version=1679494392","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4353089986.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976734044","https://openalex.org/W2016342744","https://openalex.org/W2021270624","https://openalex.org/W2028199900","https://openalex.org/W2066227468","https://openalex.org/W2077702387","https://openalex.org/W2141594798","https://openalex.org/W2218268979","https://openalex.org/W2519620145","https://openalex.org/W2520210802","https://openalex.org/W2543249910","https://openalex.org/W2609703666","https://openalex.org/W2913260502","https://openalex.org/W2941894772","https://openalex.org/W2943612909","https://openalex.org/W2979434413","https://openalex.org/W2990039327","https://openalex.org/W2993898904","https://openalex.org/W3011056083","https://openalex.org/W3082212688","https://openalex.org/W3084346878","https://openalex.org/W3118908586","https://openalex.org/W3120318264","https://openalex.org/W3127218785","https://openalex.org/W3140470129","https://openalex.org/W3143747181","https://openalex.org/W3155015885","https://openalex.org/W3168692744","https://openalex.org/W4200012906","https://openalex.org/W4200026682","https://openalex.org/W4200245384","https://openalex.org/W4210672933","https://openalex.org/W4210740504","https://openalex.org/W4226110422","https://openalex.org/W4229000512","https://openalex.org/W4255947620"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W2586801360","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166","https://openalex.org/W1489783725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monitoring":[0],"diabetes":[1],"saves":[2],"lives.":[3],"To":[4],"this":[5],"end,":[6],"we":[7,54],"introduce":[8],"a":[9,33,56,84,87,92,102,176],"novel,":[10],"unobtrusive,":[11],"and":[12,20,67,121,164],"readily":[13],"deployable":[14],"in-ear":[15],"device":[16,29],"for":[17,46,178],"the":[18,47,78,135,145,154,158,169,172],"continuous":[19],"non-invasive":[21,179],"measurement":[22],"of":[23,49,59,86,104,115,132,134,144,153,171],"blood":[24,180],"glucose":[25,181],"levels":[26],"(BGLs).":[27],"The":[28,95,124],"is":[30,44],"equipped":[31],"with":[32,151],"low-cost":[34],"commercially":[35],"available":[36],"pulse":[37],"oximeter":[38],"whose":[39],"infrared":[40],"wavelength":[41],"(880":[42],"nm)":[43],"used":[45],"acquisition":[48],"photoplethysmography":[50],"(PPG).":[51],"For":[52],"rigor,":[53],"considered":[55],"full":[57],"range":[58],"diabetic":[60],"conditions":[61],"(non-diabetic,":[62],"pre-diabetic,":[63],"type":[64,68],"I":[65],"diabetic,":[66],"II":[69],"diabetic).":[70],"Recordings":[71],"spanned":[72],"nine":[73],"different":[74],"days,":[75],"starting":[76],"in":[77,141,157],"morning":[79],"while":[80],"fasting,":[81],"up":[82],"to":[83,119],"minimum":[85],"two-hour":[88],"period":[89],"after":[90],"eating":[91],"carbohydrate-rich":[93],"breakfast.":[94],"BGLs":[96,136,156],"from":[97,138],"PPG":[98,116,139],"were":[99,110],"estimated":[100,137,155],"using":[101],"suite":[103],"regression-based":[105],"machine":[106],"learning":[107],"models,":[108],"which":[109],"trained":[111],"on":[112],"characteristic":[113],"features":[114],"cycles":[117],"pertaining":[118],"high":[120],"low":[122],"BGLs.":[123],"analysis":[125],"shows":[126],"that,":[127],"as":[128,175],"desired,":[129],"an":[130],"average":[131],"82%":[133],"lie":[140],"region":[142],"A":[143,163],"Clarke":[146],"error":[147],"grid":[148],"(CEG)":[149],"plot,":[150],"100%":[152],"clinically":[159],"acceptable":[160],"CEG":[161],"regions":[162],"B.":[165],"These":[166],"results":[167],"demonstrate":[168],"potential":[170],"ear":[173],"canal":[174],"site":[177],"monitoring.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}