{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327971682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063253","title":"Transfer Learning for Image-Based Malware Detection for IoT","display_name":"Transfer Learning for Image-Based Malware Detection for IoT","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327971682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063253","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991965"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063253","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3253/pdf?version=1679286092","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3253/pdf?version=1679286092","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013417064","display_name":"Pratyush Panda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9812-3055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pratyush Panda","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003989834","display_name":"C. U. Om Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-0281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Om Kumar C U","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102759890","display_name":"Suguna Marappan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0830-1110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suguna Marappan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai 600127, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091020697","display_name":"M. Suresh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3796-3623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suresh Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amrita School of Business, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amrita School of Business, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058580744","display_name":"S. Manimurugan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72264486","display_name":"University of Tabuk","ror":"https://ror.org/04yej8x59","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manimurugan S","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062933455","display_name":"Deeksha Veesani Nandi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deeksha Veesani Nandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical Lead, Virtusa Consulting Services, Chennai 603103, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical Lead, Virtusa Consulting Services, Chennai 603103, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003989834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.7421,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97084674,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"3253","last_page":"3253"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9620000123977661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.8492183089256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.7834595441818237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7714226841926575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7644758224487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.736713171005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6672859191894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6537286043167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5406957864761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.539952278137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5042656660079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.45482850074768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4361250102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.4338580369949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4012773633003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3724557161331177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.8492183089256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.7834595441818237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7714226841926575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7644758224487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.736713171005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6672859191894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6537286043167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5406957864761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.539952278137207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5042656660079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.45482850074768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4361250102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.4338580369949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4012773633003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3724557161331177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063253","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3253/pdf?version=1679286092","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36991965","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10051059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10051059","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10051059/pdf/sensors-23-03253.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d6483fa938524e9f8db70aee229ec4cd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d6483fa938524e9f8db70aee229ec4cd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 6, p 3253 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/6/3253/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 6; Pages: 3253","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063253","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063253","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3253/pdf?version=1679286092","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322838","display_name":"VIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327971682.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560208207","https://openalex.org/W2010065958","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2544489161","https://openalex.org/W2749181105","https://openalex.org/W2766576889","https://openalex.org/W2778944892","https://openalex.org/W2795033129","https://openalex.org/W2888651064","https://openalex.org/W2889474744","https://openalex.org/W2894211014","https://openalex.org/W2949468774","https://openalex.org/W2950754826","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2960023330","https://openalex.org/W2962802821","https://openalex.org/W2964242288","https://openalex.org/W2980979550","https://openalex.org/W2982645003","https://openalex.org/W2997389590","https://openalex.org/W3006334803","https://openalex.org/W3007346474","https://openalex.org/W3008497156","https://openalex.org/W3014068528","https://openalex.org/W3020985685","https://openalex.org/W3024340288","https://openalex.org/W3034897363","https://openalex.org/W3038549562","https://openalex.org/W3044668093","https://openalex.org/W3082575476","https://openalex.org/W3083248733","https://openalex.org/W3097711322","https://openalex.org/W3129333334","https://openalex.org/W3133491520","https://openalex.org/W3152691043","https://openalex.org/W3157948980","https://openalex.org/W3173813052","https://openalex.org/W3174909610","https://openalex.org/W3176174600","https://openalex.org/W3176923149","https://openalex.org/W3184619593","https://openalex.org/W3212298307","https://openalex.org/W3215786562","https://openalex.org/W4205473597","https://openalex.org/W4220919758","https://openalex.org/W4225606056","https://openalex.org/W4285104856","https://openalex.org/W4295928027","https://openalex.org/W4312146937","https://openalex.org/W4312204879","https://openalex.org/W4312318249","https://openalex.org/W4312577849","https://openalex.org/W6764267952","https://openalex.org/W6804681350"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2810330923","https://openalex.org/W4289763776","https://openalex.org/W1038900426","https://openalex.org/W2794896638","https://openalex.org/W1807784185","https://openalex.org/W4390905871","https://openalex.org/W3202800081","https://openalex.org/W1909207154","https://openalex.org/W3124390867","https://openalex.org/W3101614107"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,145,164,194],"tremendous":[1],"growth":[2],"in":[3,16,24,41,59,153,161,188,197,271,285],"online":[4],"activity":[5],"and":[6,55,75,99,112,124,132,176,185,239],"the":[7,52,65,129,137,178,183,198,203,213,218,223,247,272,286,294],"Internet":[8],"of":[9,67,117,136,171,205,226,302],"Things":[10],"(IoT)":[11],"led":[12],"to":[13,157,190,222,276],"an":[14,227,268,299],"increase":[15],"cyberattacks.":[17],"Malware":[18],"infiltrated":[19],"at":[20],"least":[21],"one":[22,206],"device":[23],"almost":[25],"every":[26],"household.":[27],"Various":[28],"malware":[29,154,172,179,236,283],"detection":[30,155,237],"methods":[31],"that":[32,86,255,305],"use":[33],"shallow":[34],"or":[35,94,114,312],"deep":[36,83],"IoT":[37],"techniques":[38],"were":[39],"discovered":[40],"recent":[42],"years.":[43],"Deep":[44],"learning":[45,84,241,253],"models":[46,85],"with":[47,96,298,311],"a":[48,105,168,250],"visualization":[49],"method":[50,63,201,307],"are":[51],"most":[53,60],"commonly":[54],"popularly":[56],"used":[57,167],"strategy":[58],"works.":[61],"This":[62],"has":[64],"benefit":[66],"automatically":[68],"extracting":[69],"features,":[70],"requiring":[71],"less":[72],"technical":[73],"expertise,":[74],"using":[76],"fewer":[77],"resources":[78],"during":[79],"data":[80,262],"processing.":[81],"Training":[82],"generalize":[87],"effectively":[88],"without":[89],"overfitting":[90],"is":[91,126],"not":[92],"feasible":[93],"appropriate":[95],"large":[97],"datasets":[98],"complex":[100],"architectures.":[101],"In":[102],"this":[103,162],"paper,":[104],"novel":[106],"ensemble":[107,200,228],"model,":[108,215],"Stacked":[109],"Ensemble-autoencoder,":[110],"GRU,":[111,123],"MLP":[113],"SE-AGM,":[115],"composed":[116],"three":[118],"light-weight":[119],"neural":[120],"network":[121],"models-autoencoder,":[122],"MLP-that":[125],"trained":[127,257],"on":[128,260,280,293,309],"25":[130],"essential":[131],"encoded":[133],"extracted":[134],"features":[135,173,219,245],"benchmark":[138,295],"MalImg":[139,248,287,296],"dataset":[140,297],"for":[141,150,174,212],"classification":[142],"was":[143,148,231,256,263,267,308],"proposed.":[144],"GRU":[146],"model":[147,166,208,254],"tested":[149],"its":[151,158,278],"suitability":[152],"due":[156],"lesser":[159],"usage":[160],"domain.":[163],"proposed":[165],"concise":[169],"set":[170],"training":[175],"classifying":[177,281],"classes,":[180],"which":[181],"reduced":[182],"time":[184],"resource":[186],"consumption":[187],"comparison":[189],"other":[191],"existing":[192,291],"models.":[193],"novelty":[195],"lies":[196],"stacked":[199],"where":[202],"output":[204],"intermediate":[207],"works":[209,238],"as":[210,220],"input":[211],"next":[214],"thereby":[216],"refining":[217],"compared":[221],"general":[224],"notion":[225],"approach.":[229],"Inspiration":[230],"drawn":[232],"from":[233,246,258],"earlier":[234],"image-based":[235],"transfer":[240,252],"ideas.":[242],"To":[243],"extract":[244],"dataset,":[249],"CNN-based":[251],"scratch":[259],"domain":[261],"used.":[264],"Data":[265],"augmentation":[266],"important":[269],"step":[270],"image":[273],"processing":[274],"stage":[275],"investigate":[277],"effect":[279],"grayscale":[282],"images":[284],"dataset.":[288],"SE-AGM":[289],"outperformed":[290],"approaches":[292],"average":[300],"accuracy":[301],"99.43%,":[303],"demonstrating":[304],"our":[306],"par":[310],"even":[313],"surpassed":[314],"them.":[315]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}