{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327739747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063215","title":"A Survey on Air-Gap Attacks: Fundamentals, Transport Means, Attack Scenarios and Challenges","display_name":"A Survey on Air-Gap Attacks: Fundamentals, Transport Means, Attack Scenarios and Challenges","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327739747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063215","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063215","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3215/pdf?version=1679292299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3215/pdf?version=1679292299","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032944399","display_name":"Jangyong Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jangyong Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 206 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 206 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101381937","display_name":"Jaehoon Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehoon Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 206 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 206 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108832374","display_name":"Jiangjie YU","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehyun Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 206 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 206 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100685126","display_name":"Jiho Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2516-1380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 206 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 206 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073827174","display_name":"JaeSeung Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2157-9651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"JaeSeung Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 206 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, 206 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073827174"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.7661,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87319786,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"3215","last_page":"3215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.6797876358032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6522459387779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5205979347229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-transmission","display_name":"Data transmission","score":0.48463162779808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4800247251987457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.45534548163414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-gap","display_name":"Air gap (plumbing)","score":0.4405585825443268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-gap","display_name":"Information gap","score":0.4268411099910736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4260956048965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4128759503364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32438984513282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3065671920776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.1742406189441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.13206496834754944}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.6797876358032227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6522459387779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5205979347229004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.48463162779808044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4800247251987457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.45534548163414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50587689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4698328","display_name":"Air gap (plumbing)","level":2,"score":0.4405585825443268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993006568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031094","display_name":"Information gap","level":3,"score":0.4268411099910736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4260956048965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4128759503364563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32438984513282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3065671920776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.1742406189441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.13206496834754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063215","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3215/pdf?version=1679292299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36991925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10054827","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10054827","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10054827/pdf/sensors-23-03215.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9bb6732a50c4436983c070908b1ac0b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9bb6732a50c4436983c070908b1ac0b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 6, p 3215 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/6/3215/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 6; Pages: 3215","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063215","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3215/pdf?version=1679292299","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5307936031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"9129156","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323103","funder_display_name":"Agency for Defense Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323103","display_name":"Agency for Defense Development","ror":"https://ror.org/05fhe0r85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327739747.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W243298746","https://openalex.org/W1230022372","https://openalex.org/W1811605617","https://openalex.org/W1972757409","https://openalex.org/W2014051288","https://openalex.org/W2036444025","https://openalex.org/W2039148409","https://openalex.org/W2039427951","https://openalex.org/W2042480632","https://openalex.org/W2110941647","https://openalex.org/W2111282197","https://openalex.org/W2112700013","https://openalex.org/W2132945754","https://openalex.org/W2213345052","https://openalex.org/W2541711310","https://openalex.org/W2593459094","https://openalex.org/W2609035835","https://openalex.org/W2611887307","https://openalex.org/W2613930629","https://openalex.org/W2744703251","https://openalex.org/W2765299524","https://openalex.org/W2795793765","https://openalex.org/W2875475762","https://openalex.org/W2917320304","https://openalex.org/W2938571053","https://openalex.org/W2942991076","https://openalex.org/W2958623095","https://openalex.org/W2962796909","https://openalex.org/W2962909198","https://openalex.org/W2963279879","https://openalex.org/W2965458792","https://openalex.org/W2970952103","https://openalex.org/W2974603801","https://openalex.org/W2981227077","https://openalex.org/W2982768540","https://openalex.org/W2999774832","https://openalex.org/W3001006544","https://openalex.org/W3008088605","https://openalex.org/W3026248346","https://openalex.org/W3033301649","https://openalex.org/W3047294114","https://openalex.org/W3083775947","https://openalex.org/W3101320827","https://openalex.org/W3154639389","https://openalex.org/W3194274583","https://openalex.org/W4205367958","https://openalex.org/W4205906612","https://openalex.org/W4241049878","https://openalex.org/W4251030045","https://openalex.org/W4293253980","https://openalex.org/W6667681915","https://openalex.org/W6703703100","https://openalex.org/W6734187991","https://openalex.org/W6750524283","https://openalex.org/W6762081847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W4387163319","https://openalex.org/W2359247450","https://openalex.org/W2370180015","https://openalex.org/W1975553214","https://openalex.org/W2085512692","https://openalex.org/W1997631074"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Major":[0],"public":[1],"institutions":[2],"and":[3,25,86,117,137,142,149,157,170],"organizations":[4,158],"that":[5,19,56],"handle":[6],"sensitive":[7],"data":[8,66,92],"frequently":[9],"enforce":[10],"strong":[11],"security":[12],"policies":[13,18],"by":[14,133,163],"implementing":[15],"network":[16,27],"separation":[17],"segregates":[20],"their":[21,138,161,171],"internal":[22],"work":[23],"networks":[24,40],"internet":[26],"using":[28,93],"air":[29],"gaps":[30],"to":[31,82,154],"prevent":[32],"the":[33,45,84,88,99,118,150],"leakage":[34],"of":[35,90,121,146,167],"confidential":[36],"information.":[37],"Such":[38],"closed":[39,100],"have":[41,54,79],"long":[42],"been":[43,80],"considered":[44],"most":[46],"secure":[47],"technique":[48],"for":[49,130],"protecting":[50,160],"data;":[51],"however,":[52],"studies":[53],"shown":[55],"they":[57],"are":[58],"no":[59],"longer":[60],"effective":[61],"in":[62,74,159],"providing":[63,164],"a":[64],"safe":[65],"protection":[67],"environment.":[68],"Research":[69],"on":[70],"air-gap":[71,131,168],"attacks":[72,132,169],"remains":[73],"its":[75],"infancy":[76],"stage.":[77],"Studies":[78],"conducted":[81],"check":[83],"method":[85],"demonstrate":[87],"possibility":[89],"transmitting":[91],"various":[94,127],"transmission":[95,103],"media":[96,104,128],"available":[97],"within":[98],"network.":[101],"These":[102],"include":[105],"optical":[106],"signals":[107,113,120],"such":[108,114],"as":[109,115],"HDD":[110],"LEDs,":[111],"acoustic":[112],"speakers,":[116],"electrical":[119],"power":[122],"lines.":[123],"This":[124],"paper":[125],"examines":[126],"used":[129],"analyzing":[134],"different":[135],"techniques":[136],"essential":[139],"functions,":[140],"strengths,":[141],"limitations.":[143],"The":[144],"findings":[145],"this":[147],"survey":[148],"follow-up":[151],"analysis":[152],"aim":[153],"assist":[155],"companies":[156],"information":[162],"an":[165],"understanding":[166],"current":[172],"trends.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-15T09:29:46.208133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
