{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327619283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063145","title":"RF-EMF Exposure near 5G NR Small Cells","display_name":"RF-EMF Exposure near 5G NR Small Cells","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327619283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063145","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991856"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3145/pdf?version=1678883901","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3145/pdf?version=1678883901","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062352732","display_name":"Sam Aerts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7444-4312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sam Aerts","raw_affiliation_strings":["WAVES, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7444-4312","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WAVES, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064099112","display_name":"Kenneth Deprez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-6738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Deprez","raw_affiliation_strings":["WAVES, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1954-6738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WAVES, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073956646","display_name":"Leen Verloock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8392-3481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leen Verloock","raw_affiliation_strings":["WAVES, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WAVES, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068993701","display_name":"Robert G. Olsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-9953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert G. Olsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-9953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024310053","display_name":"Luc Martens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9948-9157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luc Martens","raw_affiliation_strings":["WAVES, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WAVES, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102260062","display_name":"Phung K. Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phung Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018341759","display_name":"Wout Joseph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wout Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["WAVES, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WAVES, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, 9052 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062352732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":7.0937,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96606452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"3145","last_page":"3145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10874","display_name":"Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3774770200252533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.3688356578350067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35598671436309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3425442576408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3414754867553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26121148467063904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3774770200252533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3688356578350067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35598671436309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3425442576408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3414754867553711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26121148467063904}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004574","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Fields","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004574","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Fields","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004574","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Fields","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004781","descriptor_name":"Environmental Exposure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004781","descriptor_name":"Environmental Exposure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004781","descriptor_name":"Environmental Exposure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D040421","descriptor_name":"Cell Phone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040421","descriptor_name":"Cell Phone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D040421","descriptor_name":"Cell Phone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3145/pdf?version=1678883901","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36991856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01HCYQ0M949743VJCKD0M1YPET","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-01HCYQ0M949743VJCKD0M1YPET","pdf_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01HCYQ0M949743VJCKD0M1YPET/file/01HCYQMXKPQ4KVY7AFKDWSTHAC.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1424-8220","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10051828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10051828","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10051828/pdf/sensors-23-03145.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e441878c6fac4aacb5746a619719af02","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e441878c6fac4aacb5746a619719af02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 6, p 3145 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/6/3145/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 6; Pages: 3145","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23063145","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063145","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/3145/pdf?version=1678883901","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1081528402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10013613","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310509","funder_display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310509","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327619283.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011096780","https://openalex.org/W2016963798","https://openalex.org/W2323084014","https://openalex.org/W2904066737","https://openalex.org/W2998228057","https://openalex.org/W3030121614","https://openalex.org/W3093495913","https://openalex.org/W3096583621","https://openalex.org/W3154394698","https://openalex.org/W3195991413","https://openalex.org/W4205556338","https://openalex.org/W4225870690","https://openalex.org/W4297094571","https://openalex.org/W4302307681","https://openalex.org/W4306648736","https://openalex.org/W4310835392","https://openalex.org/W4311807395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2078814861","https://openalex.org/W2527526854","https://openalex.org/W1976181487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Of":[0],"particular":[1],"interest":[2],"within":[3],"fifth":[4],"generation":[5],"(5G)":[6],"cellular":[7],"networks":[8],"are":[9,27],"the":[10,36,72,81,94,115,127,134,170,177,190],"typical":[11,116],"levels":[12,99],"of":[13,35,69,114,147,162,172,192],"radiofrequency":[14],"(RF)":[15],"electromagnetic":[16],"fields":[17],"(EMFs)":[18],"emitted":[19],"by":[20,133,176],"'small":[21],"cells',":[22],"low-power":[23],"base":[24,59,82,178,195],"stations,":[25,60,83],"which":[26],"installed":[28],"such":[29],"that":[30],"both":[31,93],"workers":[32],"and":[33,71,90,96,123,153,180],"members":[34],"general":[37],"public":[38],"can":[39],"come":[40],"in":[41,143,189],"close":[42],"proximity":[43],"with":[44,62,84],"them.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"study,":[48],"RF-EMF":[49],"measurements":[50],"were":[51,105,112],"performed":[52],"near":[53,80],"two":[54],"5G":[55],"New":[56],"Radio":[57],"(NR)":[58],"one":[61],"an":[63,193],"Advanced":[64],"Antenna":[65],"System":[66],"(AAS)":[67],"capable":[68],"beamforming":[70,182],"other":[73,173],"a":[74,206],"traditional":[75,207],"microcell.":[76],"At":[77],"various":[78,119],"positions":[79],"distances":[85],"ranging":[86],"between":[87],"0.5":[88,151],"m":[89],"100":[91],"m,":[92],"worst-case":[95],"time-averaged":[97],"field":[98],"under":[100],"maximized":[101],"downlink":[102],"traffic":[103],"load":[104],"assessed.":[106],"Moreover,":[107],"from":[108],"these":[109],"measurements,":[110],"estimates":[111],"made":[113],"exposures":[117],"for":[118,205],"cases":[120],"involving":[121],"users":[122,174],"non-users.":[124],"Comparison":[125],"to":[126,185,198,201],"maximum":[128,144],"permissible":[129],"exposure":[130,145,161],"limits":[131],"issued":[132],"International":[135],"Commission":[136],"on":[137,169],"Non-Ionizing":[138],"Radiation":[139],"Protection":[140],"(ICNIRP)":[141],"resulted":[142],"ratios":[146],"0.15":[148],"(occupational,":[149],"at":[150,157],"m)":[152],"0.68":[154],"(general":[155],"public,":[156],"1.3":[158],"m).":[159],"The":[160],"non-users":[163],"was":[164],"potentially":[165],"much":[166],"lower,":[167],"depending":[168],"activity":[171],"serviced":[175],"station":[179,196],"its":[181],"capabilities:":[183],"5":[184],"30":[186,202],"times":[187,203],"lower":[188,200,204],"case":[191],"AAS":[194],"compared":[197],"barely":[199],"antenna.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}