{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323665235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062955","title":"P-IOTA: A Cloud-Based Geographically Distributed Threat Alert System That Leverages P4 and IOTA","display_name":"P-IOTA: A Cloud-Based Geographically Distributed Threat Alert System That Leverages P4 and IOTA","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323665235","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062955","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23062955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062955","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2955/pdf?version=1678421130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2955/pdf?version=1678421130","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036997950","display_name":"Amir Al Sadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5560-9871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Al Sadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5560-9871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046445668","display_name":"Carlo Mazzocca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8949-2221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Mazzocca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8949-2221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021506369","display_name":"Andrea Melis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-2551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Melis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-2551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005379518","display_name":"Rebecca Montanari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3687-0361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca Montanari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3687-0361","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010183853","display_name":"Marco Prandini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-5513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Prandini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-5513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061916839","display_name":"Nicol\u00f2 Romandini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2820-5978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicol\u00f2 Romandini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2820-5978","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010183853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.0008,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85991386,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"2955","last_page":"2955"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7793371081352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7055132389068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7021176815032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.606460690498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5496396422386169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forwarding-plane","display_name":"Forwarding plane","score":0.4987311363220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4928031265735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"Software-defined networking","score":0.4877987205982208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.4734884202480316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.4615175426006317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/networking-hardware","display_name":"Networking hardware","score":0.4183555245399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40263843536376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20249110460281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.1387059986591339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7793371081352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7055132389068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7021176815032959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.606460690498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5496396422386169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.4987311363220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4928031265735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.4877987205982208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.4734884202480316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4615175426006317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159631557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546066","display_name":"Networking hardware","level":2,"score":0.4183555245399475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40263843536376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20249110460281372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1387059986591339}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23062955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062955","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2955/pdf?version=1678421130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36991666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/921911","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/921911","pdf_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/921911/1/sensors-23-02955-v3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10051091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10051091","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10051091/pdf/sensors-23-02955.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f3b0eac371e54532bf1e6efaad39b5f2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f3b0eac371e54532bf1e6efaad39b5f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 6, p 2955 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/6/2955/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23062955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 6; Pages: 2955","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23062955","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062955","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2955/pdf?version=1678421130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323665235.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994926493","https://openalex.org/W2000326002","https://openalex.org/W2299450638","https://openalex.org/W2536380892","https://openalex.org/W2753585338","https://openalex.org/W2774541916","https://openalex.org/W2776552421","https://openalex.org/W2887561408","https://openalex.org/W2962734603","https://openalex.org/W2963129815","https://openalex.org/W2963653989","https://openalex.org/W2977958491","https://openalex.org/W2999645065","https://openalex.org/W3094464018","https://openalex.org/W3116137466","https://openalex.org/W3126817508","https://openalex.org/W3153432701","https://openalex.org/W3186968043","https://openalex.org/W3207397866","https://openalex.org/W3213431194","https://openalex.org/W3215453047","https://openalex.org/W4206771767","https://openalex.org/W4210680502","https://openalex.org/W4283793177","https://openalex.org/W4293419672","https://openalex.org/W4293529794","https://openalex.org/W4294768501","https://openalex.org/W4312779625","https://openalex.org/W6803762232"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130026698","https://openalex.org/W4313036970","https://openalex.org/W3200520605","https://openalex.org/W2978840876","https://openalex.org/W4308650767","https://openalex.org/W2487187053","https://openalex.org/W2292300552","https://openalex.org/W2310234012","https://openalex.org/W4377234862","https://openalex.org/W2520562984"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"recent":[1],"widespread":[2],"novel":[3],"network":[4,37,46,147,186],"technologies":[5,62],"for":[6],"programming":[7],"data":[8,16,144,173],"planes":[9],"are":[10],"remarkably":[11],"enhancing":[12],"the":[13,22,79,88,99,119,125,171,178],"customization":[14],"of":[15,35,58,98],"packet":[17],"processing.":[18],"In":[19],"this":[20],"direction,":[21],"Programming":[23],"Protocol-independent":[24],"Packet":[25],"Processors":[26],"(P4)":[27],"is":[28,111],"envisioned":[29],"as":[30,65,130],"a":[31,40,95,112,142,162],"disruptive":[32],"technology,":[33],"capable":[34],"configuring":[36],"devices":[38,47],"in":[39],"highly":[41],"customizable":[42],"way.":[43],"P4":[44],"enables":[45],"to":[48,52,87,92,117,154,181],"adapt":[49],"their":[50],"behaviors":[51],"mitigate":[53],"malicious":[54,72],"attacks":[55],"(e.g.,":[56],"denial":[57],"service).":[59],"Distributed":[60],"ledger":[61,115],"(DLTs),":[63],"such":[64,129],"blockchain,":[66],"allow":[67],"secure":[68],"reporting":[69],"alerts":[70],"on":[71,94],"actions":[73],"detected":[74],"across":[75],"different":[76],"areas.":[77],"However,":[78],"blockchain":[80],"suffers":[81],"from":[82],"major":[83],"scalability":[84,120],"concerns":[85],"due":[86],"consensus":[89],"protocols":[90],"needed":[91],"agree":[93],"global":[96],"state":[97],"network.":[100],"To":[101],"overcome":[102],"these":[103],"limitations,":[104],"new":[105],"solutions":[106],"have":[107],"recently":[108],"emerged.":[109],"IOTA":[110,151,172],"next-generation":[113],"distributed":[114],"engineered":[116],"tackle":[118],"limits":[121],"while":[122],"still":[123],"providing":[124],"same":[126],"security":[127],"capabilities":[128],"immutability,":[131],"traceability,":[132],"and":[133,149,165,183],"transparency.":[134],"This":[135],"article":[136],"proposes":[137],"an":[138,150],"architecture":[139,168],"that":[140,169],"integrates":[141],"P4-based":[143],"plane":[145],"software-defined":[146],"(SDN)":[148],"layer":[152,180],"employed":[153],"notify":[155,184],"about":[156,185],"networking":[157],"attacks.":[158],"Specifically,":[159],"we":[160],"propose":[161],"fast,":[163],"secure,":[164],"energy-efficient":[166],"DLT-enabled":[167],"combines":[170],"structure,":[174],"named":[175],"Tangle,":[176],"with":[177],"SDN":[179],"detect":[182],"threats.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
