{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323569494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062930","title":"Application of a Robust Thermoelectric Gas Sensor in Firewood Combustion Exhausts","display_name":"Application of a Robust Thermoelectric Gas Sensor in Firewood Combustion Exhausts","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323569494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062930","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23062930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062930","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2930/pdf?version=1678787914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2930/pdf?version=1678787914","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108549433","display_name":"Gunter Hagen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","display_name":"University of Bayreuth","ror":"https://ror.org/0234wmv40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gunter Hagen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Functional Materials, Zentrum f\u00fcr Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Functional Materials, Zentrum f\u00fcr Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020351160","display_name":"Julia Herrmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9959-423X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","display_name":"University of Bayreuth","ror":"https://ror.org/0234wmv40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Herrmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Functional Materials, Zentrum f\u00fcr Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Functional Materials, Zentrum f\u00fcr Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012145206","display_name":"Xin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4611-9280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70886390","display_name":"Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01c0m1t63","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70886390"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Sensor and Information Systems (ISIS), Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sensor and Information Systems (ISIS), Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70886390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110111461","display_name":"Heinz Kohler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70886390","display_name":"Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01c0m1t63","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70886390"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heinz Kohler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Sensor and Information Systems (ISIS), Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sensor and Information Systems (ISIS), Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70886390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041939684","display_name":"Ingo Hartmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089877","display_name":"Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum","ror":"https://ror.org/008qpg558","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089877"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingo Hartmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum (DBFZ), D-04347 Leipzig, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum (DBFZ), D-04347 Leipzig, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048712423","display_name":"Ralf Moos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7622-0120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","display_name":"University of Bayreuth","ror":"https://ror.org/0234wmv40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Moos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Functional Materials, Zentrum f\u00fcr Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Functional Materials, Zentrum f\u00fcr Energietechnik (ZET), University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108549433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8713,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69073599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"2930","last_page":"2930"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11619","display_name":"Combustion and Detonation Processes","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion","display_name":"Combustion","score":0.8097850680351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flue-gas","display_name":"Flue gas","score":0.7785032987594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flue-gas-emissions-from-fossil-fuel-combustion","display_name":"Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion","score":0.5685800313949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.5304611921310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5234634280204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flue","display_name":"Flue","score":0.5225521922111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exothermic-reaction","display_name":"Exothermic reaction","score":0.4434126019477844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-sensor","display_name":"Oxygen sensor","score":0.42819744348526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management","display_name":"Waste management","score":0.4162246584892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-monoxide","display_name":"Carbon monoxide","score":0.4129071831703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3669135570526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.3018813729286194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen","display_name":"Oxygen","score":0.23461073637008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17109215259552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-chemistry","display_name":"Organic chemistry","score":0.08030179142951965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.8097850680351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167206829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2556360","display_name":"Flue gas","level":2,"score":0.7785032987594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14642617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2556360","display_name":"Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion","level":3,"score":0.5685800313949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.5304611921310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5234634280204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169924432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532617","display_name":"Flue","level":2,"score":0.5225521922111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45119746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205949","display_name":"Exothermic reaction","level":2,"score":0.4434126019477844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17734536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286588","display_name":"Oxygen sensor","level":3,"score":0.42819744348526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.4162246584892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512735826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025","display_name":"Carbon monoxide","level":3,"score":0.4129071831703186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3669135570526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3018813729286194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C540031477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629","display_name":"Oxygen","level":2,"score":0.23461073637008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17109215259552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.08030179142951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23062930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062930","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2930/pdf?version=1678787914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36991640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36991640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10058951","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10058951","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10058951/pdf/sensors-23-02930.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:99573fbfbffe4a2bbd90b0ba4a9d19ef","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/99573fbfbffe4a2bbd90b0ba4a9d19ef","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 6, p 2930 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/6/2930/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23062930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 6; Pages: 2930","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23062930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062930","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2930/pdf?version=1678787914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4368472830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22038418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323499","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung und Landwirtschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4697416216","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22038718","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323499","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung und Landwirtschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6733909735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22038518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323499","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung und Landwirtschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323499","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung und Landwirtschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/04jw21793"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323569494.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W396995696","https://openalex.org/W1876192801","https://openalex.org/W1965345038","https://openalex.org/W1965541237","https://openalex.org/W1986146155","https://openalex.org/W2000503462","https://openalex.org/W2011855094","https://openalex.org/W2093273401","https://openalex.org/W2111596229","https://openalex.org/W2124072775","https://openalex.org/W2345578517","https://openalex.org/W2626997452","https://openalex.org/W2699452753","https://openalex.org/W2744066658","https://openalex.org/W2788564191","https://openalex.org/W2791447111","https://openalex.org/W2803647906","https://openalex.org/W2890749453","https://openalex.org/W2953698341","https://openalex.org/W3092561497","https://openalex.org/W3159695984","https://openalex.org/W3181752052","https://openalex.org/W3195750732","https://openalex.org/W4231885402","https://openalex.org/W4293700550"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2329782873","https://openalex.org/W2313735840","https://openalex.org/W2364650970","https://openalex.org/W3012247641","https://openalex.org/W1522008736","https://openalex.org/W2408452745","https://openalex.org/W4381162540","https://openalex.org/W2126921998","https://openalex.org/W2903197763","https://openalex.org/W2353716055"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86],"quality":[1],"of":[2,15,38,72,90,99],"wood":[3,121],"combustion":[4,17,40,140],"processes":[5],"can":[6,143],"be":[7,144],"effectively":[8],"improved":[9],"by":[10,69],"achieving":[11],"the":[12,16,34,39,43,60,65,70,97,137,149,153],"automated":[13],"control":[14],"air":[18],"feed.":[19],"For":[20],"this":[21,48],"purpose,":[22],"continuous":[23],"flue":[24,100,113],"gas":[25,54,76,101,114],"analysis":[26,102,115],"using":[27],"in":[28,47,50,148],"situ":[29],"sensors":[30],"is":[31,56,94],"essential.":[32],"Besides":[33],"successfully":[35],"introduced":[36],"monitoring":[37],"temperature":[41],"and":[42,83,103],"residual":[44],"oxygen":[45],"concentration,":[46],"study,":[49],"addition,":[51],"a":[52],"planar":[53],"sensor":[55,154],"suggested":[57],"that":[58],"utilizes":[59],"thermoelectric":[61],"principle":[62],"to":[63,96,112,146],"measure":[64],"exothermic":[66],"heat":[67],"generated":[68],"oxidation":[71],"unburnt":[73],"reducing":[74],"exhaust":[75],"components":[77],"such":[78],"as":[79],"carbon":[80],"monoxide":[81],"(CO)":[82],"hydrocarbons":[84],"(C<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub>).":[85],"robust":[87],"design":[88],"made":[89],"high-temperature":[91],"stable":[92],"materials":[93],"tailored":[95],"needs":[98],"offers":[104],"numerous":[105],"optimization":[106],"options.":[107],"Sensor":[108],"signals":[109],"are":[110],"compared":[111],"data":[116,131],"from":[117],"FTIR":[118],"measurements":[119],"during":[120,136],"log":[122],"batch":[123],"firing.":[124],"In":[125],"general,":[126],"impressive":[127],"correlations":[128],"between":[129],"both":[130],"were":[132],"found.":[133],"Discrepancies":[134],"occur":[135],"cold":[138],"start":[139],"phase.":[141],"They":[142],"attributed":[145],"changes":[147],"ambient":[150],"conditions":[151],"around":[152],"housing.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}