{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323363157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052861","title":"Low-Cost Dual-Frequency GNSS Receivers and Antennas for Surveying in Urban Areas","display_name":"Low-Cost Dual-Frequency GNSS Receivers and Antennas for Surveying in Urban Areas","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323363157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052861","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36905063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052861","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051303476","display_name":"Veton Hamza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-1715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Veton Hamza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-1715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091770995","display_name":"Bojan Stopar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-9967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bojan Stopar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-9967","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073303570","display_name":"Oskar Sterle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oskar Sterle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018970645","display_name":"Polona Pavlov\u010di\u010d\u2010Pre\u0161eren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-9595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Polona Pavlov\u010di\u010d-Pre\u0161eren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-9595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051303476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":21.7568,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99169747,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2861","last_page":"2861"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8745578527450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5078356862068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.5063711404800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4085604250431061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3484227657318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.31613028049468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2809187173843384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8745578527450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5078356862068176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.5063711404800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4085604250431061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3484227657318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.31613028049468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2809187173843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36905063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36905063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007599","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007599/pdf/sensors-23-02861.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repozitorij.uni-lj.si:IzpisGradiva.php?id=146466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?id=169664&amp;dn=","pdf_url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?id=169665&amp;dn=","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196268","display_name":"Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","host_organization_name":"University of Ljubljana","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, vol. 23, no. 5,  2861, 2023.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:211ae5b9963c4ba58272798a6de8d77e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/211ae5b9963c4ba58272798a6de8d77e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2861 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2861/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 23; Issue 5; Pages: 2861","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2555481706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. P2-0227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545923740","https://openalex.org/W2564830252","https://openalex.org/W2605277716","https://openalex.org/W2625043143","https://openalex.org/W2795107842","https://openalex.org/W2908299092","https://openalex.org/W2913838571","https://openalex.org/W2944678709","https://openalex.org/W2988570823","https://openalex.org/W2991433840","https://openalex.org/W3023837563","https://openalex.org/W3047544922","https://openalex.org/W3082937387","https://openalex.org/W3135400495","https://openalex.org/W3136264989","https://openalex.org/W3163313160","https://openalex.org/W3195833260","https://openalex.org/W3195994334","https://openalex.org/W3200079796","https://openalex.org/W3202009645","https://openalex.org/W3213410047","https://openalex.org/W3216486578","https://openalex.org/W4206322278","https://openalex.org/W4206929330","https://openalex.org/W4210577977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W4384916587","https://openalex.org/W2163330330","https://openalex.org/W1982137911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-cost":[0],"dual-frequency":[1],"global":[2],"navigation":[3],"satellite":[4],"system":[5],"(GNSS)":[6],"receivers":[7,66,320],"have":[8,135],"recently":[9],"been":[10],"tested":[11,92],"in":[12,76,93,102,107,145,155,170,193,209,265,288,291,306,344],"various":[13],"positioning":[14,24,273,338],"applications.":[15],"Considering":[16],"that":[17,131,248],"these":[18],"sensors":[19],"can":[20,31],"now":[21],"provide":[22,281],"high":[23,177],"accuracy":[25,283,300,327,339],"at":[26],"a":[27,82,96,111,119,136,199,206,231,322],"lower":[28,137,284,302],"cost,":[29],"they":[30],"be":[32,246],"considered":[33],"an":[34],"alternative":[35],"to":[36,48,68,189,280],"high-quality":[37,112],"geodetic":[38,53,100,113,142,159,182,200,226],"GNSS":[39,65,74,114,133,160,201,216,276,319],"devices.":[40],"The":[41,123,162,196],"main":[42],"objectives":[43],"of":[44,61,72,125,157,166,198,214,233,293,310,328],"this":[45,80,185],"work":[46],"were":[47,278],"analyze":[49],"the":[50,59,70,126,146,150,158,167,171,210,219,238,296,311,315,345,356],"differences":[51],"between":[52,341],"and":[54,67,99,104,154,212,235,240,264,298,308,325,347],"low-cost":[55,64,73,97,132,179,215,256,275,318],"calibrated":[56,98],"antennas":[57,227],"on":[58],"quality":[60,128],"observations":[62],"from":[63],"evaluate":[69],"performance":[71,352],"devices":[75,277],"urban":[77,108,147,194,241,266,289,348],"areas.":[78,195],"In":[79,271,314,335],"study,":[81],"simple":[83],"RTK2B":[84],"V1":[85],"board":[86],"u-blox":[87],"ZED-F9P":[88],"(Thalwil,":[89],"Switzerland)":[90],"was":[91,116,301],"combination":[94],"with":[95,230,268],"antenna":[101,202],"open-sky":[103,239,346],"adverse":[105],"conditions":[106],"areas,":[109,349],"while":[110,184,295,350],"device":[115],"used":[117],"as":[118,176,180],"reference":[120],"for":[121,178,181,237,261,331,355],"comparison.":[122],"results":[124],"observation":[127],"check":[129],"show":[130,205],"instruments":[134],"carrier-to-noise":[138],"ratio":[139,222],"(C/N0)":[140],"than":[141,285,303],"instruments,":[143,183],"especially":[144,260],"areas":[148,267,290],"where":[149],"difference":[151,186,232],"is":[152,174,187,223,258,353],"larger":[153,224],"favor":[156],"instruments.":[161],"root-mean-square":[163],"error":[164,169],"(RMSE)":[165],"multipath":[168,213],"open":[172,316],"sky":[173],"twice":[175],"up":[188],"four":[190],"times":[191],"greater":[192],"use":[197],"does":[203],"not":[204],"significant":[207],"improvement":[208],"C/N0":[211],"receivers.":[217],"However,":[218],"ambiguity":[220],"fix":[221],"when":[225,255],"are":[228],"used,":[229,259],"1.5%":[234],"18.4%":[236],"conditions,":[242],"respectively.":[243,313],"It":[244],"should":[245],"noted":[247],"float":[249],"solutions":[250],"may":[251],"become":[252],"more":[253,269],"evident":[254],"equipment":[257],"short":[262],"sessions":[263,333],"multipath.":[270],"relative":[272],"mode,":[274,337],"able":[279],"horizontal":[282],"10":[286],"mm":[287,305,330,343],"85%":[292],"sessions,":[294,312],"vertical":[297],"spatial":[299,326],"15":[304],"82.5%":[307],"77.5%":[309],"sky,":[317],"achieve":[321],"horizontal,":[323],"vertical,":[324],"5":[329],"all":[332],"considered.":[334],"RTK":[336],"varies":[340],"10\u201330":[342],"better":[351],"demonstrated":[354],"former.":[357]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
