{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323044487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052757","title":"BAuth-ZKP\u2014A Blockchain-Based Multi-Factor Authentication Mechanism for Securing Smart Cities","display_name":"BAuth-ZKP\u2014A Blockchain-Based Multi-Factor Authentication Mechanism for Securing Smart Cities","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323044487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052757","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904955"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052757","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2757/pdf?version=1677834633","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2757/pdf?version=1677834633","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080274489","display_name":"Md Ahmad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19716509","display_name":"Jamia Hamdard","ror":"https://ror.org/03dwxvb85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Onais Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033449561","display_name":"Gautami Tripathi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7140-1563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19716509","display_name":"Jamia Hamdard","ror":"https://ror.org/03dwxvb85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gautami Tripathi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038117908","display_name":"Farheen Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-9094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19716509","display_name":"Jamia Hamdard","ror":"https://ror.org/03dwxvb85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farheen Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104001184","display_name":"Mohammad Afshar Alam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19716509","display_name":"Jamia Hamdard","ror":"https://ror.org/03dwxvb85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Afshar Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013241142","display_name":"Mohd Abdul Ahad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19716509","display_name":"Jamia Hamdard","ror":"https://ror.org/03dwxvb85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Abdul Ahad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039007197","display_name":"Mohd Majid Akhtar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-0555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59475050","display_name":"Jamia Millia Islamia","ror":"https://ror.org/00pnhhv55","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59475050"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Majid Akhtar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6480-0555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59475050"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038778858","display_name":"Gabriella Casalino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0713-2260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriella Casalino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0713-2260","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013241142","https://openalex.org/A5033449561"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19716509"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":26.854,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99619011,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2757","last_page":"2757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7807986736297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-city","display_name":"Smart city","score":0.7591298818588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.6257845163345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.601748526096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.589931845664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.5353508591651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-factor-authentication","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","score":0.5187509059906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5044103860855103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.4638713598251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.377989262342453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.20593953132629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.20515930652618408}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7807986736297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.7591298818588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.6257845163345337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.601748526096344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.589931845664978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.5353508591651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.5187509059906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5044103860855103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4638713598251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.377989262342453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.20593953132629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.20515930652618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052757","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2757/pdf?version=1677834633","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007237","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007237","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007237/pdf/sensors-23-02757.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f6f4182740ff490584719d66e516da65","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f6f4182740ff490584719d66e516da65","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2757 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2757/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ricerca.uniba.it:11586/457101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11586/457101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196296","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","host_organization_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052757","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2757/pdf?version=1677834633","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323044487.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201266243","https://openalex.org/W283735322","https://openalex.org/W1483112216","https://openalex.org/W1546964524","https://openalex.org/W1576734100","https://openalex.org/W1947118881","https://openalex.org/W1964898569","https://openalex.org/W1974963036","https://openalex.org/W1988095830","https://openalex.org/W2010772936","https://openalex.org/W2019900025","https://openalex.org/W2026942921","https://openalex.org/W2032404452","https://openalex.org/W2034171435","https://openalex.org/W2046760568","https://openalex.org/W2053279442","https://openalex.org/W2070304086","https://openalex.org/W2089282275","https://openalex.org/W2094745488","https://openalex.org/W2101609731","https://openalex.org/W2113446256","https://openalex.org/W2130553876","https://openalex.org/W2136928336","https://openalex.org/W2137215443","https://openalex.org/W2164561337","https://openalex.org/W2182961761","https://openalex.org/W2205226102","https://openalex.org/W2243739019","https://openalex.org/W2400522057","https://openalex.org/W2434114205","https://openalex.org/W2490010945","https://openalex.org/W2514873781","https://openalex.org/W2523257145","https://openalex.org/W2527800909","https://openalex.org/W2577611377","https://openalex.org/W2582312183","https://openalex.org/W2595933558","https://openalex.org/W2597698998","https://openalex.org/W2608401028","https://openalex.org/W2621452698","https://openalex.org/W2744079410","https://openalex.org/W2752737474","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2764286121","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2777465902","https://openalex.org/W2784017372","https://openalex.org/W2790757012","https://openalex.org/W2791256869","https://openalex.org/W2794258165","https://openalex.org/W2807747595","https://openalex.org/W2808182497","https://openalex.org/W2829366072","https://openalex.org/W2884564379","https://openalex.org/W2889057033","https://openalex.org/W2901375831","https://openalex.org/W2901658766","https://openalex.org/W2901850888","https://openalex.org/W2912264626","https://openalex.org/W2914374206","https://openalex.org/W2917067354","https://openalex.org/W2921339668","https://openalex.org/W2922448756","https://openalex.org/W2943527182","https://openalex.org/W2949193783","https://openalex.org/W2957283238","https://openalex.org/W2959958215","https://openalex.org/W2966448237","https://openalex.org/W2968041550","https://openalex.org/W2991554660","https://openalex.org/W2996207699","https://openalex.org/W3000563640","https://openalex.org/W3001824711","https://openalex.org/W3004890695","https://openalex.org/W3010501990","https://openalex.org/W3014789734","https://openalex.org/W3015948226","https://openalex.org/W3017185871","https://openalex.org/W3017287802","https://openalex.org/W3027561695","https://openalex.org/W3029404970","https://openalex.org/W3032734598","https://openalex.org/W3032856638","https://openalex.org/W3039940949","https://openalex.org/W3040649972","https://openalex.org/W3041362921","https://openalex.org/W3041855661","https://openalex.org/W3048545059","https://openalex.org/W3089471898","https://openalex.org/W3090836905","https://openalex.org/W3111916670","https://openalex.org/W3124855037","https://openalex.org/W3127847680","https://openalex.org/W3183296033","https://openalex.org/W3194918904","https://openalex.org/W3204657296","https://openalex.org/W3214073331","https://openalex.org/W4213429827","https://openalex.org/W4249758540","https://openalex.org/W4255702973","https://openalex.org/W6628771359","https://openalex.org/W6651801126","https://openalex.org/W6713125784","https://openalex.org/W6726056446","https://openalex.org/W6759857766","https://openalex.org/W6775217325","https://openalex.org/W6777347458","https://openalex.org/W6808564265","https://openalex.org/W6837934472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2784017372","https://openalex.org/W2363363251","https://openalex.org/W4309172146","https://openalex.org/W4238865314","https://openalex.org/W4291701200","https://openalex.org/W2784315464","https://openalex.org/W192327621","https://openalex.org/W3010813109","https://openalex.org/W3000652178","https://openalex.org/W2801543595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,35,125,143,183],"overwhelming":[1],"popularity":[2],"of":[3,18,23,33,40,117,132,150,167,221],"technology-based":[4],"solutions":[5],"and":[6,26,29,37,43,50,59,70,81,106,111,115,135,140,162,198,211,219],"innovations":[7],"to":[8,15,57,77,93],"address":[9],"day-to-day":[10],"processes":[11],"has":[12],"significantly":[13],"contributed":[14],"the":[16,67,95,113,121,130,136,181,191,195,200,215],"emergence":[17],"smart":[19,54,122,133,159,175,188,196,225],"cities.":[20],"where":[21],"millions":[22],"interconnected":[24],"devices":[25],"sensors":[27],"generate":[28],"share":[30],"huge":[31],"volumes":[32],"data.":[34],"easy":[36],"high":[38],"availability":[39],"rich":[41],"personal":[42],"public":[44],"data":[45,80],"generated":[46],"in":[47,180,208,224],"these":[48],"digitalized":[49],"automated":[51],"ecosystems":[52],"renders":[53],"cities":[55,134],"vulnerable":[56],"intrinsic":[58],"extrinsic":[60],"security":[61,96,138],"breaches.":[62],"Today,":[63],"with":[64,99,202],"fast-developing":[65],"technologies,":[66],"classical":[68],"username":[69],"password":[71],"approaches":[72],"are":[73,228],"no":[74],"longer":[75],"adequate":[76],"secure":[78,210],"valuable":[79],"information":[82],"from":[83],"cyberattacks.":[84],"Multi-factor":[85],"authentication":[86,102,170,207],"(MFA)":[87],"can":[88,153],"provide":[89],"an":[90],"effective":[91],"solution":[92],"minimize":[94],"challenges":[97],"associated":[98,137],"legacy":[100],"single-factor":[101],"systems":[103],"(both":[104],"online":[105],"offline).":[107],"This":[108],"paper":[109,126,144],"identifies":[110],"discusses":[112],"role":[114],"need":[116],"MFA":[118,152,223],"for":[119,156,173],"securing":[120,157,174],"city":[123,160,176,197,226],"ecosystem.":[124],"begins":[127],"by":[128],"describing":[129],"notion":[131],"threats":[139],"privacy":[141],"issues.":[142],"further":[145],"provides":[146],"a":[147,209],"detailed":[148],"description":[149],"how":[151],"be":[154],"used":[155],"various":[158],"entities":[161,193],"services.":[163],"A":[164],"new":[165],"concept":[166,184],"blockchain-based":[168],"multi-factor":[169],"named":[171],"\"BAuth-ZKP\"":[172],"transactions":[177,201],"is":[178],"presented":[179],"paper.":[182],"focuses":[185],"on":[186],"developing":[187],"contracts":[189],"between":[190],"participating":[192],"within":[194],"performing":[199],"zero":[203],"knowledge":[204],"proof":[205],"(ZKP)-based":[206],"privacy-preserved":[212],"manner.":[213],"Finally,":[214],"future":[216],"prospects,":[217],"developments,":[218],"scope":[220],"using":[222],"ecosystem":[227],"discussed.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}