{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322770893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052733","title":"Indirect Time-of-Flight with GHz Correlation Frequency and Integrated SPAD Reaching Sub-100 \u00b5m Precision in 0.35 \u00b5m CMOS","display_name":"Indirect Time-of-Flight with GHz Correlation Frequency and Integrated SPAD Reaching Sub-100 \u00b5m Precision in 0.35 \u00b5m CMOS","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322770893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052733","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2733/pdf?version=1677745974","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2733/pdf?version=1677745974","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005357035","display_name":"M. G. Hauser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7026-0420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Hauser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7026-0420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048460512","display_name":"Horst Zimmermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3221-0769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Horst Zimmermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3221-0769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021386591","display_name":"Michael Hofbauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5239-6957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Hofbauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5239-6957","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048460512"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8917,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80451613,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2733","last_page":"2733"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10988","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.7695614099502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-avalanche-diode","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","score":0.5435857176780701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5169615149497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.49863266944885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4765534996986389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-diode","display_name":"Avalanche diode","score":0.46324291825294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41050565242767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.37405112385749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.35220634937286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3395313620567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.32974743843078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2841583490371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23458844423294067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.232370525598526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2297118604183197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-photodiode","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","score":0.17258545756340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.11516112089157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.08647364377975464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.7695614099502563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193361668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523761","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.5435857176780701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5169615149497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.49863266944885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4765534996986389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95341827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175898","display_name":"Avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.46324291825294495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41050565242767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.37405112385749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.35220634937286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3395313620567322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.32974743843078613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2841583490371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23458844423294067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.232370525598526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2297118604183197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109679912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175932","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","level":3,"score":0.17258545756340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.11516112089157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.08647364377975464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119321828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1267190","display_name":"Breakdown voltage","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2733/pdf?version=1677745974","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007574","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007574/pdf/sensors-23-02733.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:38297086948943e19cef8ec402451562","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/38297086948943e19cef8ec402451562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2733 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2733/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052733","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2733/pdf?version=1677745974","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4512232704","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30927-N30","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4322770893.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019230763","https://openalex.org/W2202208538","https://openalex.org/W2600780369","https://openalex.org/W2620446694","https://openalex.org/W2789577750","https://openalex.org/W2801269727","https://openalex.org/W2906868222","https://openalex.org/W2964155695","https://openalex.org/W2973940174","https://openalex.org/W3011749650","https://openalex.org/W3039585879","https://openalex.org/W3045948254","https://openalex.org/W3088556700","https://openalex.org/W3120488470","https://openalex.org/W3156565641","https://openalex.org/W3210103682","https://openalex.org/W3213017426","https://openalex.org/W4214743963","https://openalex.org/W4285249309","https://openalex.org/W6783716043"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101554037","https://openalex.org/W2094491720","https://openalex.org/W2151016044","https://openalex.org/W2890743636","https://openalex.org/W2242595998","https://openalex.org/W2518590173","https://openalex.org/W3094496851","https://openalex.org/W2912584319","https://openalex.org/W1896581718","https://openalex.org/W2115627936"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,10,43,68,74,84,97,107,115],"this":[3,34],"work":[4],"is":[5],"to":[6],"prove":[7],"the":[8,105,112],"suitability":[9],"integrated":[11,45],"single-photon":[12],"avalanche":[13],"diode":[14],"(SPAD)-based":[15],"indirect":[16],"time-of-flight":[17],"(iTOF)":[18],"for":[19,118],"sub-100":[20],"\u00b5m":[21,59,70,78],"precision":[22,67,90],"depth":[23,120],"sensing":[24,121],"using":[25],"a":[26,36,39,57,66,72,80,94],"correlation":[27,109],"approach":[28,110],"with":[29,93],"GHz":[30],"modulation":[31],"frequencies.":[32],"For":[33],"purpose,":[35],"prototype":[37],"containing":[38],"single":[40],"pixel":[41],"consisting":[42],"an":[44],"SPAD,":[46],"quenching":[47],"circuit,":[48],"and":[49,62,71,104],"two":[50],"independent":[51],"correlator":[52],"circuits":[53],"was":[54,91],"fabricated":[55],"in":[56],"0.35":[58],"CMOS":[60],"process":[61],"characterized.":[63],"It":[64],"achieved":[65,92],"70":[69],"nonlinearity":[73],"less":[75,85,98],"than":[76,86,99],"200":[77,100],"at":[79],"received":[81],"signal":[82,95],"power":[83,96],"100":[87],"pW.":[88],"Sub-mm":[89],"fW.":[101],"These":[102],"results":[103],"simplicity":[106],"our":[108],"underline":[111],"great":[113],"potential":[114],"SPAD-based":[116],"iTOF":[117],"future":[119],"applications.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
