{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322772100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052697","title":"Evaluation of GAN-Based Model for Adversarial Training","display_name":"Evaluation of GAN-Based Model for Adversarial Training","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322772100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052697","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2697/pdf?version=1677661907","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2697/pdf?version=1677661907","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040916518","display_name":"Weimin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-5632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weimin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6664-5632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011840659","display_name":"Qusay H. Mahmoud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0472-5757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qusay H. Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0472-5757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075548361","display_name":"Sanaa Alwidian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4706-0134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39470171","display_name":"Ontario Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/016zre027","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanaa Alwidian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040916518"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39470171"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.4911,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85262861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2697","last_page":"2697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9376000165939331,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7451428771018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.6720782518386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49662333726882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.44219398498535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41514936089515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36716169118881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13333532214164734}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7451428771018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6720782518386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49662333726882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.44219398498535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41514936089515686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36716169118881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13333532214164734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2697/pdf?version=1677661907","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007326","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007326","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007326/pdf/sensors-23-02697.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cdc523d5ddc84a1897a9d2ea6f955572","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cdc523d5ddc84a1897a9d2ea6f955572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2697 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2697/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052697","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052697","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052697","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2697/pdf?version=1677661907","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4322772100.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2943671295","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2969215546","https://openalex.org/W3080490018","https://openalex.org/W3129948946","https://openalex.org/W4213040240","https://openalex.org/W4221118575","https://openalex.org/W4291414590","https://openalex.org/W4295137872","https://openalex.org/W4306966821","https://openalex.org/W4322772100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W3176240006","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W3211393740","https://openalex.org/W3208049411","https://openalex.org/W3022908591","https://openalex.org/W2946768379","https://openalex.org/W2551249631"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"has":[2,25,129],"been":[3,26,130],"successfully":[4],"utilized":[5],"in":[6],"many":[7],"applications,":[8],"but":[9,64],"it":[10,65],"is":[11,56],"vulnerable":[12],"to":[13,28,43,105,132,176],"adversarial":[14,22,51,110,151],"samples.":[15],"To":[16],"address":[17,106],"this":[18],"vulnerability,":[19],"a":[20,30,36,72,222],"generative":[21],"network":[23],"(GAN)":[24],"used":[27],"train":[29],"robust":[31],"classifier.":[32,161,238],"This":[33],"paper":[34],"presents":[35],"novel":[37],"GAN":[38,100,114,150],"model":[39,55,181],"and":[40,47,81,87,96,103,112,121,172,193,230,237,241],"its":[41,134],"implementation":[42],"defend":[44,183],"against":[45],"L\u221e":[46,86,195],"L2":[48,88,185],"constraint":[49,90],"gradient-based":[50],"attacks.":[52],"The":[53,93,141,162,180,203],"proposed":[54,102,218],"inspired":[57],"by":[58],"some":[59],"of":[60,99,109,149,216,234],"the":[61,107,125,137,146,159,178,214,217,231,235],"related":[62],"work,":[63],"includes":[66],"multiple":[67],"new":[68,77,94],"designs":[69],"such":[70,117],"as":[71,118],"dual":[73],"generator":[74,78,236],"architecture,":[75],"four":[76],"input":[79],"formulations,":[80],"two":[82],"unique":[83],"implementations":[84],"with":[85,189,199,228],"norm":[89,187,197],"vector":[91],"outputs.":[92],"formulations":[95],"parameter":[97,128],"settings":[98],"are":[101],"evaluated":[104,131],"limitations":[108,240],"training":[111,115,122,126,139,152],"defensive":[113],"strategies,":[116],"gradient":[119,156,170],"masking":[120,171],"complexity.":[123],"Furthermore,":[124],"epoch":[127],"determine":[133],"effect":[135],"on":[136],"overall":[138],"results.":[140],"experimental":[142],"results":[143,163,204],"indicate":[144],"that":[145,166,208],"optimal":[147],"formulation":[148],"must":[153],"utilize":[154],"more":[155],"information":[157],"from":[158],"target":[160],"also":[164,206],"demonstrate":[165],"GANs":[167],"can":[168,182,210],"overcome":[169],"produce":[173],"effective":[174],"perturbation":[175,188,198],"augment":[177],"data.":[179],"PGD":[184,194],"128/255":[186],"over":[190],"60%":[191],"accuracy":[192],"8/255":[196],"around":[200],"45%":[201],"accuracy.":[202],"have":[205],"revealed":[207],"robustness":[209],"be":[211,247],"transferred":[212],"between":[213],"constraints":[215],"model.":[219],"In":[220],"addition,":[221],"robustness\u2013accuracy":[223],"tradeoff":[224],"was":[225],"discovered,":[226],"along":[227],"overfitting":[229],"generalization":[232],"capabilities":[233],"These":[239],"ideas":[242],"for":[243],"future":[244],"work":[245],"will":[246],"discussed.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
