{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322743747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052687","title":"Anomaly Detection in Biological Early Warning Systems Using Unsupervised Machine Learning","display_name":"Anomaly Detection in Biological Early Warning Systems Using Unsupervised Machine Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322743747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052687","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904891"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052687","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2687/pdf?version=1677652946","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2687/pdf?version=1677652946","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020326825","display_name":"A.N. Grekov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5816-5615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141141","display_name":"Institute of Natural and Technical Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03f6hbh92","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141141"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandr N. Grekov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Control in Technical Systems, Sevastopol State University, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia","Institute of Natural and Technical Systems, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Control in Technical Systems, Sevastopol State University, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141141"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Natural and Technical Systems, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058759070","display_name":"Aleksey Kabanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3105-7283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141141","display_name":"Institute of Natural and Technical Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03f6hbh92","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141141"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aleksey A. Kabanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Control in Technical Systems, Sevastopol State University, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Control in Technical Systems, Sevastopol State University, 299053 Sevastopol, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141141"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081652139","display_name":"Elena Vyshkvarkova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4890-3247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141141","display_name":"Institute of Natural and Technical Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03f6hbh92","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141141"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena V. Vyshkvarkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Natural and Technical Systems, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Natural and Technical Systems, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141141"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056936388","display_name":"\u0412. \u0412. \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141141","display_name":"Institute of Natural and Technical Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03f6hbh92","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141141"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valeriy V. Trusevich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Natural and Technical Systems, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Natural and Technical Systems, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141141"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058759070"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141141"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.3076,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93477305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2687","last_page":"2687"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9003999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioindicator","display_name":"Bioindicator","score":0.7741344571113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6886653900146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6440913081169128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5753000378608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4886165261268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-system","display_name":"Warning system","score":0.4390909969806671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4092975854873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.13829723000526428}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176585087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864438","display_name":"Bioindicator","level":2,"score":0.7741344571113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6886653900146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6440913081169128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5753000378608704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4886165261268616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.4390909969806671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4092975854873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.13829723000526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000074062","descriptor_name":"Environmental Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000074062","descriptor_name":"Environmental Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000074062","descriptor_name":"Environmental Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045483","descriptor_name":"Rivers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045483","descriptor_name":"Rivers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045483","descriptor_name":"Rivers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049872","descriptor_name":"Bivalvia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049872","descriptor_name":"Bivalvia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049872","descriptor_name":"Bivalvia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049881","descriptor_name":"Unio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049881","descriptor_name":"Unio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049881","descriptor_name":"Unio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052687","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2687/pdf?version=1677652946","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904891","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904891","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007031","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007031/pdf/sensors-23-02687.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9ba1435e464f473981f59cc884892753","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9ba1435e464f473981f59cc884892753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2687 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2687/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052687","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052687","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2687/pdf?version=1677652946","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1574256869","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FEFM-2021-0014 \u2116 121111600136-3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327494","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327494","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4322743747.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W61851215","https://openalex.org/W800662883","https://openalex.org/W834036986","https://openalex.org/W1989287989","https://openalex.org/W1995443851","https://openalex.org/W1998005205","https://openalex.org/W2001031523","https://openalex.org/W2014692414","https://openalex.org/W2070342981","https://openalex.org/W2076134940","https://openalex.org/W2077420850","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2105497548","https://openalex.org/W2107528096","https://openalex.org/W2107718072","https://openalex.org/W2114251471","https://openalex.org/W2132870739","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2492970337","https://openalex.org/W2581974582","https://openalex.org/W2751185093","https://openalex.org/W2888862083","https://openalex.org/W2911640637","https://openalex.org/W2945148803","https://openalex.org/W2963246438","https://openalex.org/W2963783815","https://openalex.org/W2969865029","https://openalex.org/W2973485631","https://openalex.org/W2990765082","https://openalex.org/W2995586378","https://openalex.org/W3006249533","https://openalex.org/W3035251314","https://openalex.org/W3093905295","https://openalex.org/W3096266780","https://openalex.org/W3134292133","https://openalex.org/W3135634215","https://openalex.org/W3139251132","https://openalex.org/W3159064018","https://openalex.org/W3167820338","https://openalex.org/W3170335020","https://openalex.org/W3172949607","https://openalex.org/W3203878905","https://openalex.org/W3213965832","https://openalex.org/W4200059309","https://openalex.org/W4220966886","https://openalex.org/W4223991254","https://openalex.org/W4225259136","https://openalex.org/W4243563432","https://openalex.org/W4254182148","https://openalex.org/W4296179835","https://openalex.org/W6668148162","https://openalex.org/W6669805209","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6675613107","https://openalex.org/W6675810010","https://openalex.org/W6758671082","https://openalex.org/W6779307877"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283387276","https://openalex.org/W2802120927","https://openalex.org/W4387334451","https://openalex.org/W4255905793","https://openalex.org/W1490248112","https://openalex.org/W4388832997","https://openalex.org/W561066558","https://openalex.org/W2135182404","https://openalex.org/W4386095668","https://openalex.org/W2067818835"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,25,50,104],"use":[1,109],"of":[2,15,22,28,38,68,87,110,136,140,158,172],"bivalve":[3,160],"mollusks":[4,161],"as":[5,162],"bioindicators":[6,163],"in":[7,35,64,84,125,164,174],"automated":[8,41,58,165],"monitoring":[9,42,166],"systems":[10,167],"can":[11,122],"provide":[12],"real-time":[13],"detection":[14,142,171],"emergency":[16,82],"situations":[17],"associated":[18],"with":[19,118,132],"the":[20,36,48,61,65,69,85,108,111,146,150,156,169],"pollution":[21,173],"aquatic":[23,45,175],"environments.":[24,176],"behavioral":[26],"reactions":[27],"<i>Unio":[29],"pictorum</i>":[30],"(Linnaeus,":[31],"1758)":[32],"were":[33,78],"employed":[34],"development":[37],"a":[39],"comprehensive":[40],"system":[43,59],"for":[44,168],"environments":[46],"by":[47,56],"authors.":[49],"study":[51],"used":[52],"experimental":[53],"data":[54,128],"obtained":[55],"an":[57,133],"from":[60],"Chernaya":[62],"River":[63],"Sevastopol":[66],"region":[67],"Crimean":[70],"Peninsula.":[71],"Four":[72],"traditional":[73],"unsupervised":[74],"machine":[75,97],"learning":[76],"techniques":[77],"implemented":[79],"to":[80],"detect":[81,123],"signals":[83],"activity":[86,127],"bivalves:":[88],"elliptic":[89,112],"envelope,":[90,113],"isolation":[91],"forest":[92],"(iForest),":[93],"one-class":[94],"support":[95],"vector":[96],"(SVM),":[98],"and":[99,115],"local":[100],"outlier":[101],"factor":[102],"(LOF).":[103],"results":[105],"showed":[106],"that":[107,145],"iForest,":[114],"LOF":[116],"methods":[117],"proper":[119],"hyperparameter":[120],"tuning":[121],"anomalies":[124],"mollusk":[126],"without":[129],"false":[130],"alarms,":[131],"F1":[134],"score":[135],"1.":[137],"A":[138],"comparison":[139],"anomaly":[141],"times":[143],"revealed":[144],"iForest":[147],"method":[148],"is":[149],"most":[151],"efficient.":[152],"These":[153],"findings":[154],"demonstrate":[155],"potential":[157],"using":[159],"early":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}