{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322627908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052643","title":"Deep Learning-Empowered Digital Twin Using Acoustic Signal for Welding Quality Inspection","display_name":"Deep Learning-Empowered Digital Twin Using Acoustic Signal for Welding Quality Inspection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322627908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052643","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052643","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2643/pdf?version=1677564883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2643/pdf?version=1677564883","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101794864","display_name":"Tao Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7671-5921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008657496","display_name":"Norzalilah Mohamad Nor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7819-172X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norzalilah Mohamad Nor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101794864"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.1163,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91661543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2643","last_page":"2643"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10188","display_name":"Advanced machining processes and optimization","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11451","display_name":"Advanced Machining and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6315070986747742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5974395275115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5966617465019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welding","display_name":"Welding","score":0.5551620125770569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.5200176239013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5118359923362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-pre-processing","display_name":"Data pre-processing","score":0.4956451654434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.47121185064315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.46965542435646057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4411502778530121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3951006829738617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35194292664527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31977614760398865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.11012130975723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.07798057794570923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6315070986747742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5974395275115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5966617465019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19474535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172","display_name":"Welding","level":2,"score":0.5551620125770569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.5200176239013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5118359923362732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.4956451654434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.47121185064315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.46965542435646057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4411502778530121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3951006829738617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35194292664527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31977614760398865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.11012130975723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07798057794570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052643","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2643/pdf?version=1677564883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007432","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007432","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007432/pdf/sensors-23-02643.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b5355e882c7a4b7d8a5ef776e39edb21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b5355e882c7a4b7d8a5ef776e39edb21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2643 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2643/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052643","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2643/pdf?version=1677564883","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4322627908.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965929480","https://openalex.org/W1979320916","https://openalex.org/W2580920386","https://openalex.org/W2724871795","https://openalex.org/W2804780212","https://openalex.org/W2913426371","https://openalex.org/W2960155470","https://openalex.org/W2966906878","https://openalex.org/W2976301483","https://openalex.org/W2979485672","https://openalex.org/W2982689699","https://openalex.org/W2999081856","https://openalex.org/W3027569605","https://openalex.org/W3044355621","https://openalex.org/W3095627075","https://openalex.org/W3099559766","https://openalex.org/W3130680863","https://openalex.org/W3131440087","https://openalex.org/W3135186482","https://openalex.org/W3139675327","https://openalex.org/W3154678491","https://openalex.org/W3158573506","https://openalex.org/W3194251867","https://openalex.org/W4200138129","https://openalex.org/W4200511336","https://openalex.org/W4205190780","https://openalex.org/W4285117442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2989490741","https://openalex.org/W138569904","https://openalex.org/W2367545121","https://openalex.org/W4248881655","https://openalex.org/W2482165163","https://openalex.org/W3092506759","https://openalex.org/W3010890513","https://openalex.org/W2390914021","https://openalex.org/W2389417819","https://openalex.org/W3195278891"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Weld":[0],"site":[1,39],"inspection":[2],"is":[3,40,47,62],"a":[4,16,43,139,162],"research":[5],"area":[6],"of":[7,36,75,133],"interest":[8],"in":[9],"the":[10,34,37,51,73,95,126],"manufacturing":[11],"industry.":[12],"In":[13,90,154],"this":[14,134],"study,":[15],"digital":[17,128],"twin":[18,129],"system":[19,149],"for":[20,164],"welding":[21,32],"robots":[22],"to":[23,49,64,72,87,137],"examine":[24],"various":[25],"weld":[26,38,68,142],"flaws":[27],"that":[28],"might":[29],"happen":[30],"during":[31],"using":[33,92],"acoustics":[35],"presented.":[41],"Additionally,":[42],"wavelet":[44],"filtering":[45,119],"technique":[46],"implemented":[48],"remove":[50],"acoustic":[52,69,77,117],"signal":[53,78,118],"originating":[54],"from":[55],"machine":[56],"noise.":[57],"Then,":[58],"an":[59],"SeCNN-LSTM":[60],"model":[61,82,96],"applied":[63],"recognize":[65],"and":[66,110,116,120,151],"categorize":[67],"signals":[70],"according":[71],"traits":[74],"strong":[76],"time":[79],"sequences.":[80],"The":[81,131],"verification":[83],"accuracy":[84],"was":[85,97,136],"found":[86],"be":[88],"91%.":[89],"addition,":[91,155],"numerous":[93],"indicators,":[94],"compared":[98],"with":[99],"seven":[100],"other":[101],"models,":[102],"namely,":[103],"CNN-SVM,":[104],"CNN-LSTM,":[105],"CNN-GRU,":[106],"BiLSTM,":[107],"GRU,":[108],"CNN-BiLSTM,":[109],"LSTM.":[111],"A":[112],"deep":[113],"learning":[114],"model,":[115],"preprocessing":[121],"techniques":[122],"are":[123],"integrated":[124],"into":[125],"proposed":[127,157],"system.":[130],"goal":[132],"work":[135],"propose":[138],"systematic":[140],"on-site":[141],"flaw":[143],"detection":[144],"approach":[145],"encompassing":[146],"data":[147],"processing,":[148],"modeling,":[150],"identification":[152],"methods.":[153],"our":[156],"method":[158],"could":[159],"serve":[160],"as":[161],"resource":[163],"pertinent":[165],"research.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}