{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322503102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052581","title":"Improving BLE-Based Passive Human Sensing with Deep Learning","display_name":"Improving BLE-Based Passive Human Sensing with Deep Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322503102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052581","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904785"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052581","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2581/pdf?version=1677654878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2581/pdf?version=1677654878","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030844960","display_name":"Giancarlo Iannizzotto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1275-7433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giancarlo Iannizzotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012216263","display_name":"Lucia Lo Bello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-9783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39063666","display_name":"University of Catania","ror":"https://ror.org/03a64bh57","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucia Lo Bello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering (DIEEI), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering (DIEEI), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39063666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065500880","display_name":"Andrea Nucita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-5529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112862951","display_name":"University of Messina","ror":"https://ror.org/05ctdxz19","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Nucita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030844960"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112862951"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.7894,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70312787,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2581","last_page":"2581"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.7330172061920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6996030807495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth-low-energy","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","score":0.6902939081192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5482034683227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5315161943435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5210666060447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5091070532798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4975121319293976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4947800040245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4841764271259308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.48341453075408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.47275978326797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.43384748697280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3311155140399933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3147340714931488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3038358986377716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19343197345733643}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.7330172061920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6996030807495117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776418194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638779","display_name":"Bluetooth Low Energy","level":4,"score":0.6902939081192017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5482034683227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5315161943435669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5210666060447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5091070532798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4975121319293976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4947800040245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4841764271259308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.48341453075408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.47275978326797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.43384748697280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3311155140399933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3147340714931488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3038358986377716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19343197345733643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052581","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2581/pdf?version=1677654878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904785","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904785","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007112","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007112/pdf/sensors-23-02581.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5c67b594c588481596f85cfb5fb4cd17","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5c67b594c588481596f85cfb5fb4cd17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2581 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2581/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052581","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2581/pdf?version=1677654878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4322503102.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1893431417","https://openalex.org/W1980969984","https://openalex.org/W1983705368","https://openalex.org/W2117752571","https://openalex.org/W2143228105","https://openalex.org/W2150997461","https://openalex.org/W2164692160","https://openalex.org/W2324822002","https://openalex.org/W2403386687","https://openalex.org/W2588128257","https://openalex.org/W2796526948","https://openalex.org/W2907290585","https://openalex.org/W2951929328","https://openalex.org/W2952065976","https://openalex.org/W2968250721","https://openalex.org/W2975941018","https://openalex.org/W3013486409","https://openalex.org/W3034267820","https://openalex.org/W3034983458","https://openalex.org/W3085033793","https://openalex.org/W3111692926","https://openalex.org/W3126662221","https://openalex.org/W3150207421","https://openalex.org/W3164794849","https://openalex.org/W3164819828","https://openalex.org/W3170698703","https://openalex.org/W3175864218","https://openalex.org/W3188656036","https://openalex.org/W4200176427","https://openalex.org/W4200369389","https://openalex.org/W4223523117","https://openalex.org/W4223626062","https://openalex.org/W4229080915","https://openalex.org/W4254460468","https://openalex.org/W4291711278","https://openalex.org/W4313322651"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026217228","https://openalex.org/W2460679371","https://openalex.org/W1566557084","https://openalex.org/W1981475037","https://openalex.org/W2956056877","https://openalex.org/W2058711580","https://openalex.org/W2572635530","https://openalex.org/W2223325499","https://openalex.org/W2911404179","https://openalex.org/W3136975152"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passive":[0],"Human":[1],"Sensing":[2],"(PHS)":[3],"is":[4,37],"an":[5],"approach":[6,147,195],"to":[7,23,71,102,108,127,150,208],"collecting":[8],"data":[9],"on":[10],"human":[11,22,52,156],"presence,":[12],"motion":[13],"or":[14,26],"activities":[15],"that":[16,192],"does":[17],"not":[18,178],"require":[19],"the":[20,30,34,42,55,61,103,118,129,134,153,175,181,193,198,204,209],"sensed":[21],"carry":[24],"devices":[25],"participate":[27],"actively":[28],"in":[29,82,88,158,172,203],"sensing":[31],"process.":[32],"In":[33],"literature,":[35],"PHS":[36,66,139],"generally":[38],"performed":[39],"by":[40,51],"exploiting":[41],"Channel":[43],"State":[44],"Information":[45],"variations":[46],"of":[47,63,105,120,133,155,183],"dedicated":[48],"WiFi,":[49,106],"affected":[50],"bodies":[53],"obstructing":[54],"WiFi":[56,64],"signal":[57,136],"propagation":[58],"path.":[59],"However,":[60],"adoption":[62],"for":[65,138],"has":[67],"some":[68],"drawbacks,":[69],"related":[70],"power":[72],"consumption,":[73],"large-scale":[74],"deployment":[75],"costs":[76],"and":[77,131,161,169,171,187],"interference":[78],"with":[79,164],"other":[80],"networks":[81],"nearby":[83],"areas.":[84],"Bluetooth":[85,93],"technology":[86],"and,":[87],"particular,":[89],"its":[90,109],"low-energy":[91],"version":[92],"Low":[94],"Energy":[95],"(BLE),":[96],"represents":[97],"a":[98,121,159,166],"valid":[99],"candidate":[100],"solution":[101],"drawbacks":[104],"thanks":[107],"Adaptive":[110],"Frequency":[111],"Hopping":[112],"(AFH)":[113],"mechanism.":[114],"This":[115,189],"work":[116],"proposes":[117],"application":[119],"Deep":[122],"Convolutional":[123],"Neural":[124],"Network":[125],"(DNN)":[126],"improve":[128],"analysis":[130],"classification":[132],"BLE":[135,143],"deformations":[137],"using":[140],"commercial":[141],"standard":[142],"devices.":[144],"The":[145],"proposed":[146,194],"was":[148],"applied":[149,207],"reliably":[151],"detect":[152],"presence":[154],"occupants":[157,176],"large":[160],"articulated":[162],"room":[163],"only":[165],"few":[167],"transmitters":[168,186],"receivers":[170],"conditions":[173],"where":[174],"do":[177],"directly":[179],"occlude":[180],"Line":[182],"Sight":[184],"between":[185],"receivers.":[188],"paper":[190],"shows":[191],"significantly":[196],"outperforms":[197],"most":[199],"accurate":[200],"technique":[201],"found":[202],"literature":[205],"when":[206],"same":[210],"experimental":[211],"data.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
