{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321599507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052442","title":"Self-Sensing Variable Stiffness Actuation of Shape Memory Coil by an Inferential Soft Sensor","display_name":"Self-Sensing Variable Stiffness Actuation of Shape Memory Coil by an Inferential Soft Sensor","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321599507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052442","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2442/pdf?version=1677570873","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2442/pdf?version=1677570873","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020954108","display_name":"Bhagoji Bapurao Sul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6207-8397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122964287","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli","ror":"https://ror.org/047x65e68","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhagoji Bapurao Sul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031049643","display_name":"K. Dhanalakshmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-7513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122964287","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli","ror":"https://ror.org/047x65e68","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dhanalakshmi Kaliaperumal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4067-7513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122964287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074281591","display_name":"Seung\u2010Bok Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-2815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202539009","display_name":"Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City","ror":"https://ror.org/03mj71j26","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202539009"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116376","display_name":"SUNY Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/02d07gm56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116376"]}],"countries":["KR","VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Bok Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH), Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam","Department of Mechanical Engineering, The State University of New York, Korea (SUNY Korea), Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-2815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH), Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202539009"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The State University of New York, Korea (SUNY Korea), Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116376"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031049643","https://openalex.org/A5074281591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122964287","https://openalex.org/I202539009","https://openalex.org/I4210116376"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.2706,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7668405,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2442","last_page":"2442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10865","display_name":"Shape Memory Alloy Transformations","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10865","display_name":"Shape Memory Alloy Transformations","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12682","display_name":"Smart Materials for Construction","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiffness","display_name":"Stiffness","score":0.8029932975769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5226250290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-coil","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","score":0.46394869685173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shape-memory-alloy","display_name":"Shape-memory alloy","score":0.4178975224494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39145272970199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3786754012107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.37728142738342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.36006617546081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.33615419268608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.220352441072464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20542335510253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.09617376327514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09466102719306946}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.8029932975769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5226250290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30403606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981904","display_name":"Electromagnetic coil","level":2,"score":0.46394869685173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49097943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898455","display_name":"Shape-memory alloy","level":2,"score":0.4178975224494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39145272970199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3786754012107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.37728142738342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.36006617546081543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33615419268608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.220352441072464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20542335510253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.09617376327514648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09466102719306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2442/pdf?version=1677570873","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904645","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904645","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007264","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007264/pdf/sensors-23-02442.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fbbc2ae7b8294aee937534c48907c139","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fbbc2ae7b8294aee937534c48907c139","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2442 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2442/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2442/pdf?version=1677570873","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321599507.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1428560739","https://openalex.org/W1984160222","https://openalex.org/W1996465420","https://openalex.org/W2006336431","https://openalex.org/W2018753888","https://openalex.org/W2025412760","https://openalex.org/W2028128604","https://openalex.org/W2050954500","https://openalex.org/W2058374111","https://openalex.org/W2063720443","https://openalex.org/W2087029574","https://openalex.org/W2186431644","https://openalex.org/W2531373096","https://openalex.org/W2753042171","https://openalex.org/W2799958407","https://openalex.org/W2901022123","https://openalex.org/W2906848048","https://openalex.org/W2939687389","https://openalex.org/W2943139940","https://openalex.org/W2944147677","https://openalex.org/W3089386015","https://openalex.org/W3118787317","https://openalex.org/W3127959418","https://openalex.org/W3206692828","https://openalex.org/W4293202103","https://openalex.org/W6680042448","https://openalex.org/W6761060458","https://openalex.org/W6842905283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W569866225","https://openalex.org/W4317821343","https://openalex.org/W2056723064","https://openalex.org/W2900265245","https://openalex.org/W4248728923","https://openalex.org/W607830317","https://openalex.org/W3131570391","https://openalex.org/W653245379","https://openalex.org/W2945700447","https://openalex.org/W3023469735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Self-sensing":[0],"actuation":[1,58,238],"of":[2,18,27,36,47,50,78,81,117,125,153,204,229,245],"shape":[3,52,85,191],"memory":[4,53,86,192],"alloy":[5],"(SMA)":[6],"means":[7],"to":[8,40],"sense":[9],"both":[10],"mechanical":[11,104],"and":[12,72,100,103,136,176,194,212,231,254],"thermal":[13],"properties/variables":[14],"through":[15,122],"the":[16,42,45,79,109,123,126,146,151,190,198,209,218,227],"measurement":[17,46,124],"any":[19],"internally":[20],"changing":[21],"electrical":[22,48,94,120,147,199],"property":[23],"such":[24,220],"as":[25,221],"resistance/inductance/capacitance/phase/frequency":[26],"an":[28],"actuating":[29],"material":[30],"under":[31],"actuation.":[32,173],"The":[33,129,201],"main":[34],"contribution":[35],"this":[37,140,213],"paper":[38],"is":[39,113,131,143,167,181,214],"obtain":[41],"stiffness":[43,57,80,130,157,160,172,185,203,211,237,256],"from":[44,134,145],"resistance":[49,121,196],"a":[51,66,82,154,162,168],"coil":[54,87,193],"during":[55],"variable":[56,171,236],"thereby,":[59],"simulating":[60],"its":[61],"self-sensing":[62,159,235],"characteristics":[63],"by":[64,139,161,216],"developing":[65],"Support":[67],"Vector":[68],"Machine":[69],"(SVM)":[70],"regression":[71,74],"nonlinear":[73],"model.":[75],"Experimental":[76],"evaluation":[77],"passive":[83],"biased":[84],"(SMC)":[88],"in":[89,115,119,243],"antagonistic":[90],"connection,":[91],"for":[92,170,183],"different":[93],"(like":[95],"activation":[96],"current,":[97],"excitation":[98],"frequency,":[99],"duty":[101],"cycle)":[102],"input":[105],"conditions":[106],"(for":[107],"example,":[108],"operating":[110],"condition":[111],"pre-stress)":[112],"done":[114],"terms":[116],"change":[118],"instantaneous":[127],"value.":[128],"then":[132],"calculated":[133],"force":[135],"displacement,":[137],"while":[138],"scheme":[141],"it":[142],"sensed":[144],"resistance.":[148,200],"To":[149],"fulfill":[150],"deficiency":[152],"dedicated":[155],"physical":[156],"sensor,":[158],"Soft":[163],"Sensor":[164],"(equivalently":[165],"SVM)":[166],"boon":[169],"A":[174],"simple":[175],"well-proven":[177],"voltage":[178],"division":[179],"method":[180],"used":[182],"indirect":[184],"sensing;":[186],"wherein,":[187],"voltages":[188],"across":[189],"series":[195],"provide":[197],"predicted":[202],"SVM":[205],"matches":[206],"well":[207],"with":[208],"experimental":[210],"validated":[215],"evaluating":[217],"performances":[219],"root":[222],"mean":[223],"squared":[224],"error":[225],"(RMSE),":[226],"goodness":[228],"fit":[230],"correlation":[232],"coefficient.":[233],"This":[234],"(SSVSA)":[239],"provides":[240],"several":[241],"advantages":[242],"applications":[244],"SMA:":[246],"sensor-less":[247],"systems,":[248,250],"miniaturized":[249],"simplified":[251],"control":[252],"systems":[253],"possible":[255],"feedback":[257],"control.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}