{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321599502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052430","title":"In-Bed Posture Classification Using Deep Neural Network","display_name":"In-Bed Posture Classification Using Deep Neural Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321599502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052430","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2430/pdf?version=1677066732","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2430/pdf?version=1677066732","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089468122","display_name":"Lindsay Stern","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lindsay Stern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada","KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022513583","display_name":"Atena Roshan Fekr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-520X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atena Roshan Fekr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada","KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089468122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.0317,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95235302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2430","last_page":"2430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6143598556518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5597051382064819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46966588497161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3507457971572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3366583287715912}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6143598556518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5597051382064819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46966588497161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3507457971572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3366583287715912}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003668","descriptor_name":"Pressure Ulcer","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003668","descriptor_name":"Pressure Ulcer","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003668","descriptor_name":"Pressure Ulcer","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006761","descriptor_name":"Hospitals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006761","descriptor_name":"Hospitals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006761","descriptor_name":"Hospitals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2430/pdf?version=1677066732","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007451","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007451","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007451/pdf/sensors-23-02430.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/126691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/126691","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/32a647a4-fa3d-411e-b991-9781bfcfb63f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055458","display_name":"TSpace","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1872593a86954228bfe3965783698413","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1872593a86954228bfe3965783698413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2430 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2430/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052430","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2430/pdf?version=1677066732","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G846049717","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IT26852","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","funder_display_name":"Mitacs"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322675","display_name":"Mitacs","ror":"https://ror.org/00cjrc276"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321599502.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010857507","https://openalex.org/W2093163939","https://openalex.org/W2142804745","https://openalex.org/W2145690471","https://openalex.org/W2160787420","https://openalex.org/W2551439731","https://openalex.org/W2593796416","https://openalex.org/W2606699032","https://openalex.org/W2914492151","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2969117827","https://openalex.org/W3108692063","https://openalex.org/W3122907878"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In-bed":[0],"posture":[1,179],"monitoring":[2],"has":[3],"become":[4],"a":[5,53],"prevalent":[6],"area":[7],"of":[8,15,40,45,63,82,118,156,198,231],"research":[9],"to":[10,20,67,188,204,223],"help":[11,239],"minimize":[12],"the":[13,69,80,96,136,148,152,186,229],"risk":[14],"pressure":[16,54,225],"sore":[17],"development":[18],"and":[19,28,38,76,84,89,109,122,128,162,171,181,209,234],"increase":[21],"sleep":[22,237,242],"quality.":[23,243],"This":[24],"paper":[25,65],"proposed":[26,169],"2D":[27,88,143,170],"3D":[29,90,114,137,172],"Convolutional":[30],"Neural":[31],"Networks,":[32],"which":[33],"are":[34],"trained":[35],"on":[36],"images":[37],"videos":[39],"an":[41],"open-access":[42],"dataset":[43,97],"consisting":[44],"13":[46],"subjects'":[47],"body":[48,72,232],"heat":[49],"maps":[50],"captured":[51],"from":[52],"mat":[55],"in":[56,92,185],"17":[57],"positions,":[58],"respectively.":[59,133],"The":[60,112,168,196],"main":[61,71],"goal":[62],"this":[64,199],"is":[66],"detect":[68],"three":[70,100],"positions:":[73],"supine,":[74],"left,":[75],"right.":[77],"We":[78],"compare":[79,135],"use":[81],"image":[83],"video":[85],"data":[86],"through":[87],"models":[91,144,173],"our":[93],"classification.":[94],"Since":[95],"was":[98,151],"imbalanced,":[99],"strategies":[101],"were":[102,145],"evaluated,":[103,146],"i.e.,":[104],"down":[105],"sampling,":[106,108],"over":[107],"class":[110],"weights.":[111],"best":[113],"model":[115,138,150],"achieved":[116],"accuracies":[117,155],"98.90":[119],"\u00b1":[120,124,158,164],"1.05%":[121],"97.80":[123],"2.14%":[125],"for":[126,160,166,177],"5-fold":[127,161],"leave-one-subject-out":[129],"(LOSO)":[130],"cross":[131],"validations,":[132],"To":[134],"with":[139,154],"2D,":[140],"four":[141],"pre-trained":[142],"where":[147],"best-performing":[149],"ResNet-18":[153],"99.97":[157],"0.03%":[159],"99.62":[163],"0.37%":[165],"LOSO.":[167],"provided":[174],"promising":[175],"results":[176],"in-bed":[178],"recognition":[180],"can":[182,201,238],"be":[183,202],"used":[184,203],"future":[187],"further":[189],"distinguish":[190],"postures":[191,233],"into":[192],"more":[193],"detailed":[194],"subclasses.":[195],"outcome":[197],"study":[200],"remind":[205],"caregivers":[206,240],"at":[207],"hospitals":[208],"long-term":[210],"care":[211],"facilitiesto":[212],"reposition":[213,220],"their":[214],"patients":[215],"if":[216],"they":[217],"do":[218],"not":[219],"themselves":[221],"naturally":[222],"prevent":[224],"ulcers.":[226],"In":[227],"addition,":[228],"evaluation":[230],"movements":[235],"during":[236],"understand":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
