{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321599486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052429","title":"Accuracy and Precision of a Novel Photogate System to Measure Toe Clearance on Stairs","display_name":"Accuracy and Precision of a Novel Photogate System to Measure Toe Clearance on Stairs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321599486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052429","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904633"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052429","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2429/pdf?version=1677065604","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2429/pdf?version=1677065604","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030452657","display_name":"Timmion K. Skervin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6746-7420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timmion K. Skervin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088700294","display_name":"Neil M. Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0789-9173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil M. Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071854110","display_name":"Andrew J. Schofield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0589-4678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","display_name":"Aston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j0ve876","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. Schofield","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology & Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0589-4678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology & Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081576526","display_name":"Mark A. Hollands","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4043-1839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark A. Hollands","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4043-1839","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078806526","display_name":"Constantinos N. Maganaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1786-8047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constantinos N. Maganaris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062706718","display_name":"Thomas D. O\u2019Brien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2968-5173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas D. O\u2019Brien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028915644","display_name":"Vasilios Baltzopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2050-9501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasilios Baltzopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028403320","display_name":"Richard J. Foster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2410-9839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard J. Foster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research to Improve Stair Climbing Safety (RISCS), Faculty of Science, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028403320"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02118626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2429","last_page":"2429"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.9702000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stairs","display_name":"Stairs","score":0.7885903716087341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accuracy-and-precision","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","score":0.5480539798736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.5286878943443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4825517535209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.4747503101825714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limits-of-agreement","display_name":"Limits of agreement","score":0.4569885730743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.43606311082839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pearson-product-moment-correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient","score":0.4245683252811432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41798704862594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34055501222610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3329230546951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-medicine","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","score":0.22756603360176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.20612674951553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15837913751602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15601831674575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.1035727858543396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777295749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12511","display_name":"Stairs","level":2,"score":0.7885903716087341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.5480539798736572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5286878943443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4825517535209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4747503101825714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018577593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470749","display_name":"Limits of agreement","level":2,"score":0.4569885730743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.43606311082839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55078378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136628","display_name":"Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4245683252811432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41798704862594604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34055501222610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3329230546951294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.22756603360176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20612674951553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15837913751602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15601831674575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.1035727858543396}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052429","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2429/pdf?version=1677065604","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.aston.ac.uk:44869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.aston.ac.uk/view/author/e8a2db6ad28151e2f7aa572cacb058cf.html>,","pdf_url":"https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/44869/1/Skervinetal_2023_VoR.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400483","display_name":"Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","host_organization_name":"Aston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007576","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007576/pdf/sensors-23-02429.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk:19035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0589-4678","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/19035/1/Skervin%20et%20al%20%282023%29%20Accuracy%20%26%20precision%20of%20novel%20photogate%20system%20to%20measure%20toe%20clearance%20on%20stairs.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401246","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","host_organization_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:27b66522264b43b0bb670af539dc1f8f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/27b66522264b43b0bb670af539dc1f8f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2429 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irep.ntu.ac.uk:50025","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/50025/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400559","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","host_organization_name":"Nottingham Trent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2429/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052429","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2429/pdf?version=1677065604","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322390","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321599486.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W762560509","https://openalex.org/W1508348700","https://openalex.org/W1565042108","https://openalex.org/W1965459420","https://openalex.org/W2015795623","https://openalex.org/W2101323419","https://openalex.org/W2107542599","https://openalex.org/W2110071287","https://openalex.org/W2126376404","https://openalex.org/W2199895069","https://openalex.org/W2460584948","https://openalex.org/W2464978182","https://openalex.org/W2556912902","https://openalex.org/W2724857106","https://openalex.org/W2904906905","https://openalex.org/W2915458864","https://openalex.org/W2955819945","https://openalex.org/W2992448234","https://openalex.org/W3019333129","https://openalex.org/W3022714508","https://openalex.org/W3138880977","https://openalex.org/W3199545576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W357196361","https://openalex.org/W3109425891","https://openalex.org/W1036938216","https://openalex.org/W2113714434","https://openalex.org/W2377792686","https://openalex.org/W4200439127","https://openalex.org/W829658220","https://openalex.org/W3096637473","https://openalex.org/W2027314909","https://openalex.org/W2946560178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Toe":[1,60],"clearance":[2,29,61],"on":[3,56],"stairs":[4],"is":[5],"typically":[6],"measured":[7,26,68],"using":[8,69],"optoelectronic":[9,40,183],"systems,":[10,133],"though":[11],"these":[12],"are":[13,185],"often":[14],"constrained":[15],"to":[16,20,39,97,190,198],"the":[17,63,72,88,112,130,164,191,200,203],"laboratory,":[18],"due":[19],"their":[21],"complex":[22],"setups.":[23],"Here":[24],"we":[25],"stair":[27,52,179],"toe":[28,100,180],"through":[30,80],"a":[31,57,122],"novel":[32],"prototype":[33],"photogate":[34,90,99],"setup":[35],"and":[36,71,83,107,115,136,143,193],"compared":[37,111],"this":[38],"measurements.":[41],"Methods:":[42],"Twelve":[43],"participants":[44],"(age":[45],"22":[46],"\u00b1":[47],"3":[48],"years)":[49],"completed":[50],"25":[51],"ascent":[53],"trials,":[54],"each":[55],"seven-step":[58],"staircase.":[59],"over":[62],"fifth":[64],"step":[65],"edge":[66],"was":[67,95,151],"Vicon":[70],"photogates.":[73,204],"Twenty-two":[74],"photogates":[75,171],"were":[76],"created":[77],"in":[78],"rows":[79],"laser":[81],"diodes":[82],"phototransistors.":[84],"The":[85,167],"height":[86],"of":[87,104,125,140,202],"lowest":[89],"broken":[91],"at":[92],"step-edge":[93],"crossing":[94],"used":[96],"determine":[98],"clearance.":[101],"A":[102,147],"limits":[103,138],"agreement":[105],"analysis":[106],"Pearson\u2019s":[108],"correlation":[109,150],"coefficient":[110],"accuracy,":[113],"precision":[114,201],"relationship":[116],"between":[117,129,163],"systems.":[118,165],"Results:":[119],"We":[120],"found":[121,153],"mean":[123],"difference":[124],"\u22121.5":[126],"mm":[127,142],"(accuracy)":[128],"two":[131],"measurement":[132,194],"with":[134],"upper":[135],"lower":[137],"(precision)":[139],"10.7":[141],"\u221213.8":[144],"mm,":[145],"respectively.":[146],"strong":[148],"positive":[149],"also":[152],"(r":[154],"=":[155,158,161],"70,":[156],"n":[157],"12,":[159],"p":[160],"0.009)":[162],"Discussion:":[166],"results":[168],"suggest":[169],"that":[170],"could":[172],"be":[173],"an":[174],"option":[175],"for":[176],"measuring":[177],"real-world":[178],"clearances,":[181],"where":[182],"systems":[184],"not":[186],"routinely":[187],"used.":[188],"Improvements":[189],"design":[192],"factors":[195],"may":[196],"help":[197],"improve":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
