{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321497845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052390","title":"The Virtual Sleep Lab\u2014A Novel Method for Accurate Four-Class Sleep Staging Using Heart-Rate Variability from Low-Cost Wearables","display_name":"The Virtual Sleep Lab\u2014A Novel Method for Accurate Four-Class Sleep Staging Using Heart-Rate Variability from Low-Cost Wearables","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321497845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052390","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052390","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2390/pdf?version=1677218362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2390/pdf?version=1677218362","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042498711","display_name":"Pavlos Topalidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-060X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavlos Topalidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-060X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069396751","display_name":"Dominik Philip Johannes Heib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-8557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik P. J. Heib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Proschlaf, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7977-8557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Proschlaf, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078803758","display_name":"Sebastian Baron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2747-7728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Baron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces (AIHI), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","Department of Mathematics, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2747-7728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces (AIHI), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034388486","display_name":"Esther\u2010Sevil Eigl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0018-7632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esther-Sevil Eigl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0018-7632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050065909","display_name":"A Hinterberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-9909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Hinterberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-9909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089232791","display_name":"Manuel Schabus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5899-8772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Schabus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5899-8772","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089232791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.5847,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9319622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2390","last_page":"2390"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10316","display_name":"Sleep and related disorders","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.719667911529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.7085238695144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-stages","display_name":"Sleep Stages","score":0.618183434009552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-onset-latency","display_name":"Sleep onset latency","score":0.5817872285842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-onset","display_name":"Sleep onset","score":0.5723614692687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5556316375732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actigraphy","display_name":"Actigraphy","score":0.5443647503852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5225816965103149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slow-wave-sleep","display_name":"Slow-wave sleep","score":0.5021414756774902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.43976569175720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.40587297081947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39857742190361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.34229087829589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.27609774470329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circadian-rhythm","display_name":"Circadian rhythm","score":0.20067664980888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.11252149939537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insomnia","display_name":"Insomnia","score":0.11233574151992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.09708374738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09409728646278381}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.719667911529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.7085238695144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910364982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep Stages","level":4,"score":0.618183434009552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781053850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7539763","display_name":"Sleep onset latency","level":4,"score":0.5817872285842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63759246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7539762","display_name":"Sleep onset","level":3,"score":0.5723614692687988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5556316375732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778996325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422201","display_name":"Actigraphy","level":3,"score":0.5443647503852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5225816965103149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110539466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3964845","display_name":"Slow-wave sleep","level":3,"score":0.5021414756774902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.43976569175720215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.40587297081947327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39857742190361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.34229087829589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.27609774470329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121446783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208353","display_name":"Circadian rhythm","level":2,"score":0.20067664980888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.11252149939537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781210498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1869874","display_name":"Insomnia","level":2,"score":0.11233574151992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.09708374738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09409728646278381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052390","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2390/pdf?version=1677218362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904595","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10006886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10006886","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10006886/pdf/sensors-23-02390.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:814c85249a2649e1b122e9f81759c3b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/814c85249a2649e1b122e9f81759c3b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2390 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2390/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052390","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2390/pdf?version=1677218362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1877197634","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W 1233-B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8782702341","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W 1233","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321497845.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16604377","https://openalex.org/W621251951","https://openalex.org/W1444168786","https://openalex.org/W1545509292","https://openalex.org/W1638975642","https://openalex.org/W1984896796","https://openalex.org/W1998506374","https://openalex.org/W2010892740","https://openalex.org/W2037975256","https://openalex.org/W2082749222","https://openalex.org/W2102656701","https://openalex.org/W2108803339","https://openalex.org/W2115235910","https://openalex.org/W2134726485","https://openalex.org/W2143159308","https://openalex.org/W2154311551","https://openalex.org/W2159759971","https://openalex.org/W2517727986","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2753866150","https://openalex.org/W2765638029","https://openalex.org/W2778637877","https://openalex.org/W2782114289","https://openalex.org/W2890527005","https://openalex.org/W2901569835","https://openalex.org/W2904418346","https://openalex.org/W2904772173","https://openalex.org/W2909458122","https://openalex.org/W2938169034","https://openalex.org/W2945961700","https://openalex.org/W2951889707","https://openalex.org/W2963925437","https://openalex.org/W2977759318","https://openalex.org/W2981784774","https://openalex.org/W2989073501","https://openalex.org/W3014991793","https://openalex.org/W3028113015","https://openalex.org/W3043873391","https://openalex.org/W3067609825","https://openalex.org/W3080592600","https://openalex.org/W3091968353","https://openalex.org/W3111722905","https://openalex.org/W3115835623","https://openalex.org/W3131446646","https://openalex.org/W3158818505","https://openalex.org/W3186929955","https://openalex.org/W4283787456","https://openalex.org/W4285891835","https://openalex.org/W4293715556","https://openalex.org/W4293743754","https://openalex.org/W4308367953","https://openalex.org/W6628505203","https://openalex.org/W6781631143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158301135","https://openalex.org/W2038550172","https://openalex.org/W2015364665","https://openalex.org/W4306711120","https://openalex.org/W2079867952","https://openalex.org/W2051175896","https://openalex.org/W4283811372","https://openalex.org/W3203693789","https://openalex.org/W4313313117","https://openalex.org/W4312458441"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sleep":[0],"staging":[1,26,59,67],"based":[2,76],"on":[3,78,90,103],"polysomnography":[4],"(PSG)":[5],"performed":[6],"by":[7,129],"human":[8],"experts":[9],"is":[10,34],"the":[11,17,91,101,107,159,173,184,193,199,202,205,213,216,256],"de":[12],"facto":[13],"\"gold":[14],"standard\"":[15],"for":[16,142,281],"objective":[18,231],"measurement":[19],"of":[20,93,109,175,189,204,215,261,273],"sleep.":[21],"PSG":[22,57],"and":[23,30,32,122,161,208,226,248,270,284],"manual":[24],"sleep":[25,41,58,66,104,170,179,224,227,232,241,250,274],"is,":[27],"however,":[28],"personnel-intensive":[29],"time-consuming":[31],"it":[33],"thus":[35],"impractical":[36],"to":[37,56,138],"monitor":[38],"a":[39,49,62,84,123,176,236],"person's":[40],"architecture":[42],"over":[43,172,201],"extended":[44],"periods.":[45],"Here,":[46],"we":[47,99,157,191],"present":[48],"novel,":[50],"low-cost,":[51],"automatized,":[52],"deep":[53],"learning":[54,264],"alternative":[55],"that":[60],"provides":[61],"reliable":[63],"epoch-by-epoch":[64],"four-class":[65],"approach":[68],"(Wake,":[69],"Light":[70],"[N1":[71],"+":[72],"N2],":[73],"Deep,":[74],"REM)":[75],"solely":[77],"inter-beat-interval":[79],"(IBI)":[80],"data.":[81],"Having":[82],"trained":[83],"multi-resolution":[85],"convolutional":[86],"neural":[87],"network":[88],"(MCNN)":[89],"IBIs":[92,108,194],"8898":[94],"full-night":[95],"manually":[96],"sleep-staged":[97],"recordings,":[98],"tested":[100],"MCNN":[102,200],"classification":[105,133],"using":[106,198],"two":[110],"low-cost":[111],"(<EUR":[112],"100)":[113],"consumer":[114],"wearables:":[115],"an":[116],"optical":[117],"heart":[118],"rate":[119],"sensor":[120],"(VS)":[121],"breast":[124],"belt":[125],"(H10),":[126],"both":[127,143],"produced":[128],"POLAR\u00ae.":[130],"The":[131,259],"overall":[132],"accuracy":[134],"reached":[135],"levels":[136],"comparable":[137],"expert":[139],"inter-rater":[140],"reliability":[141],"devices":[144],"(VS:":[145],"81%,":[146],"\u03ba":[147,152],"=":[148,153],"0.69;":[149],"H10:":[150],"80.3%,":[151],"0.69).":[154],"In":[155],"addition,":[156],"used":[158],"H10":[160,197],"recorded":[162],"daily":[163],"ECG":[164],"data":[165],"from":[166,196],"49":[167],"participants":[168,218],"with":[169,255,265,278],"complaints":[171],"course":[174,203],"digital":[177],"CBT-I-based":[178],"training":[180,206],"program":[181,207],"implemented":[182],"in":[183,222,275],"App":[185],"NUKKUAA\u2122.":[186],"As":[187],"proof":[188],"principle,":[190],"classified":[192],"extracted":[195],"captured":[209],"sleep-related":[210],"changes.":[211],"At":[212],"end":[214],"program,":[217],"reported":[219],"significant":[220],"improvements":[221],"subjective":[223,257],"quality":[225],"onset":[228,233,242],"latency.":[229],"Similarly,":[230],"latency":[234],"showed":[235],"trend":[237],"toward":[238],"improvement.":[239],"Weekly":[240],"latency,":[243],"wake":[244],"time":[245,251],"during":[246],"sleep,":[247],"total":[249],"also":[252],"correlated":[253],"significantly":[254],"reports.":[258],"combination":[260],"state-of-the-art":[262],"machine":[263],"suitable":[266],"wearables":[267],"allows":[268],"continuous":[269],"accurate":[271],"monitoring":[272],"naturalistic":[276],"settings":[277],"profound":[279],"implications":[280],"answering":[282],"basic":[283],"clinical":[285],"research":[286],"questions.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
