{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321497980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052369","title":"Investigating the Improvement of Autonomous Vehicle Performance through the Integration of Multi-Sensor Dynamic Mapping Techniques","display_name":"Investigating the Improvement of Autonomous Vehicle Performance through the Integration of Multi-Sensor Dynamic Mapping Techniques","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321497980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052369","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2369/pdf?version=1676966565","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2369/pdf?version=1676966565","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005450010","display_name":"Hyoduck Seo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-4665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyoduck Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics & Information, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0139-4665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics & Information, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073591693","display_name":"Kyesan Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107562","display_name":"Semyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d100w34","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107562"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyesan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics & Information, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","Department of Electronic Engineering, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si 27136, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics & Information, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si 27136, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kyesan Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107562","display_name":"Semyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d100w34","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107562"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyesan Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics & Information, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","Department of Electronic Engineering, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si 27136, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics & Information, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si 27136, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kyujin Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107562","display_name":"Semyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d100w34","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107562"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyujin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics & Information, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","Department of Electronic Engineering, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si 27136, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics & Information, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si 27136, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kyujin Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107562","display_name":"Semyung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d100w34","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107562"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyujin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics & Information, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","Department of Electronic Engineering, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si 27136, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics & Information, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si 27136, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602","https://openalex.org/I4210107562"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":6.165,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95543891,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5","first_page":"2369","last_page":"2369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5324037671089172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.5237119793891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.521769106388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-system","display_name":"Autonomous system (mathematics)","score":0.5161760449409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.4392544627189636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.394462913274765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34243130683898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33129364252090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3279980421066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12958309054374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.08091473579406738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5324037671089172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.5237119793891907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.521769106388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9628104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788009","display_name":"Autonomous system (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5161760449409485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.4392544627189636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.394462913274765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34243130683898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33129364252090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3279980421066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12958309054374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08091473579406738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2369/pdf?version=1676966565","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36904572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36904572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10007208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10007208","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10007208/pdf/sensors-23-02369.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf35e297148941238df2cb56f6aa6e92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf35e297148941238df2cb56f6aa6e92","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 5, p 2369 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/5/2369/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23052369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052369","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/5/2369/pdf?version=1676966565","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321497980.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973122016","https://openalex.org/W2532455792","https://openalex.org/W2793922568","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2969874448","https://openalex.org/W2983372715","https://openalex.org/W3042249896","https://openalex.org/W3080082779","https://openalex.org/W3114322046","https://openalex.org/W3158982130","https://openalex.org/W3160359205","https://openalex.org/W3206820494","https://openalex.org/W4200511670","https://openalex.org/W4205436213","https://openalex.org/W4206963555","https://openalex.org/W4210636664","https://openalex.org/W4210770425","https://openalex.org/W4210802307","https://openalex.org/W4211193740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4210818033","https://openalex.org/W4221065211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,107,141],"emergence":[1],"of":[2,19,61,66,80,103,124,129,150],"autonomous":[3,28,47,71,95,104,120,151],"vehicles":[4,11,29,48,72],"marks":[5],"a":[6,36,86,90],"shift":[7],"in":[8,126],"mobility.":[9],"Conventional":[10],"have":[12],"been":[13,74],"designed":[14],"to":[15,49,77,88,97,114,144],"prioritize":[16],"the":[17,44,57,78,99,116,127,130,146],"safety":[18],"drivers":[20],"and":[21,23,59,101,119,139,148],"passengers":[22],"increase":[24],"fuel":[25],"efficiency,":[26],"while":[27],"are":[30],"developing":[31],"as":[32,51,136],"convergence":[33],"technologies":[34],"with":[35],"focus":[37],"on":[38],"more":[39],"than":[40],"just":[41],"transportation.":[42],"With":[43],"potential":[45],"for":[46,93],"serve":[50],"an":[52],"office":[53],"or":[54],"leisure":[55],"space,":[56],"accuracy":[58,100,147],"stability":[60,102,149],"their":[62],"driving":[63,96,121,152],"technology":[64],"is":[65,143],"utmost":[67],"importance.":[68],"However,":[69],"commercializing":[70],"has":[73],"challenging":[75],"due":[76],"limitations":[79],"current":[81],"technology.":[82,106,153],"This":[83],"paper":[84],"proposes":[85],"method":[87,109],"build":[89],"precision":[91],"map":[92],"multi-sensor-based":[94],"improve":[98,145],"vehicle":[105],"proposed":[108],"leverages":[110],"dynamic":[111],"high-definition":[112],"maps":[113],"enhance":[115],"recognition":[117,123],"rates":[118],"path":[122],"objects":[125],"vicinity":[128],"vehicle,":[131],"utilizing":[132],"multiple":[133],"sensors":[134],"such":[135],"cameras,":[137],"LIDAR,":[138],"RADAR.":[140],"goal":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-29T08:53:18.405633","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}