{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321375484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042309","title":"LACP-SG: Lightweight Authentication Protocol for Smart Grids","display_name":"LACP-SG: Lightweight Authentication Protocol for Smart Grids","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321375484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042309","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850907"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042309","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2309/pdf?version=1677140156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2309/pdf?version=1677140156","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040138369","display_name":"Muhammad Tanveer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9836-9970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Tanveer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067599262","display_name":"Hisham Alasmary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6482-3968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisham Alasmary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040138369"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.8293,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93675739,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"2309","last_page":"2309"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7385232448577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5425652861595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authenticated-key-exchange","display_name":"Authenticated Key Exchange","score":0.5150208473205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47044816613197327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-oracle","display_name":"Random oracle","score":0.46032774448394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-communication","display_name":"Secure communication","score":0.45768892765045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4457196593284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session-key","display_name":"Session key","score":0.44097185134887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4338734745979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.41479581594467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-exchange","display_name":"Key exchange","score":0.4057301878929138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.3455778956413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.22415807843208313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7385232448577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5425652861595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777572472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825878","display_name":"Authenticated Key Exchange","level":5,"score":0.5150208473205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47044816613197327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.46032774448394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.45768892765045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4457196593284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191197275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755775","display_name":"Session key","level":3,"score":0.44097185134887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4338734745979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.41479581594467163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.4057301878929138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3455778956413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.22415807843208313}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042309","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2309/pdf?version=1677140156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36850907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9968117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9968117","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9968117/pdf/sensors-23-02309.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:48cf6ebd24b54774a37c9b7c69ba3f69","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/48cf6ebd24b54774a37c9b7c69ba3f69","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 4, p 2309 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/4/2309/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042309","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2309/pdf?version=1677140156","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321375484.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029029052","https://openalex.org/W2109841323","https://openalex.org/W2122941544","https://openalex.org/W2517336287","https://openalex.org/W2613554997","https://openalex.org/W2768021397","https://openalex.org/W2770141764","https://openalex.org/W2789827290","https://openalex.org/W2797008633","https://openalex.org/W2805592916","https://openalex.org/W2902504913","https://openalex.org/W2911981000","https://openalex.org/W2912891760","https://openalex.org/W2949494275","https://openalex.org/W2996204154","https://openalex.org/W3008852650","https://openalex.org/W3011575542","https://openalex.org/W3023719826","https://openalex.org/W3027027957","https://openalex.org/W3044930678","https://openalex.org/W3081671623","https://openalex.org/W3087958975","https://openalex.org/W3113166045","https://openalex.org/W3120109452","https://openalex.org/W3137452861","https://openalex.org/W3146664580","https://openalex.org/W3168707212","https://openalex.org/W3199647785","https://openalex.org/W3200024171","https://openalex.org/W3206102117","https://openalex.org/W3206377360","https://openalex.org/W4240705788","https://openalex.org/W4295854922","https://openalex.org/W4307061087","https://openalex.org/W6726715279","https://openalex.org/W6801962263","https://openalex.org/W6822418382","https://openalex.org/W6845851708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169958063","https://openalex.org/W2115069242","https://openalex.org/W2183582611","https://openalex.org/W1986085955","https://openalex.org/W1971128632","https://openalex.org/W2401810250","https://openalex.org/W2374414592","https://openalex.org/W175905600","https://openalex.org/W3145678715","https://openalex.org/W3185598685"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0,19],"grid":[1],"(SG)":[2],"recently":[3],"acquired":[4],"considerable":[5],"attention":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,30,52,113,144,156],"their":[9],"utilization":[10],"in":[11,16,23,62,87],"sustaining":[12],"demand":[13],"response":[14],"management":[15],"power":[17],"systems.":[18],"meters":[20],"(SMs)":[21],"deployed":[22],"SG":[24,64,101],"systems":[25],"collect":[26],"and":[27,38,57,110,127,141,179],"transmit":[28],"data":[29,49,123],"the":[31,39,47,63,106,115,131,142,152,158,161],"server.":[32],"Since":[33],"all":[34],"communications":[35],"between":[36,125],"SM":[37,126,140],"server":[40,128,143],"occur":[41],"through":[42,175],"a":[43,88,96,146],"public":[44],"communication":[45,78],"channel,":[46],"transmitted":[48],"are":[50,59],"exposed":[51],"adversary":[53],"attacks.":[54],"Therefore,":[55],"security":[56,159,173,177,181,200],"privacy":[58],"essential":[60],"requirements":[61],"system":[65],"for":[66,76,100],"ensuring":[67],"reliable":[68],"communication.":[69],"Additionally,":[70],"an":[71],"AuthentiCation":[72],"(AC)":[73],"protocol":[74,99],"designed":[75],"secure":[77,122],"should":[79],"be":[80,85],"lightweight":[81,97],"so":[82],"it":[83],"can":[84],"applied":[86],"resource-constrained":[89],"environment.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"article,":[93],"we":[94,165],"devise":[95],"AC":[98,116,189],"named":[102],"LACP-SG.":[103],"LACP-SG":[104,120,138,168,185,193],"employs":[105],"hash":[107],"function,":[108],"\"Esch256\",":[109],"\"authenticated":[111],"encryption\"":[112],"accomplish":[114],"phase.":[117],"The":[118],"proposed":[119],"assures":[121],"exchange":[124],"by":[129],"validating":[130],"authenticity":[132],"of":[133,160],"SM.":[134],"For":[135],"encrypted":[136],"communication,":[137],"enables":[139],"establish":[145],"session":[147],"key":[148],"(SEK).":[149],"We":[150],"use":[151],"random":[153],"oracle":[154],"model":[155],"substantiate":[157],"established":[162],"SEK.":[163],"Moreover,":[164],"ascertain":[166],"that":[167,192],"is":[169,194],"guarded":[170],"against":[171],"different":[172],"vulnerabilities":[174],"Scyther-based":[176],"validation":[178],"informal":[180],"analysis.":[182],"Furthermore,":[183],"comparing":[184],"with":[186],"other":[187],"related":[188],"protocols":[190],"demonstrates":[191],"less":[195],"resource-intensive":[196],"while":[197],"rendering":[198],"better":[199],"characteristics.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
