{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321249712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042262","title":"Extracting Traffic Signage by Combining Point Clouds and Images","display_name":"Extracting Traffic Signage by Combining Point Clouds and Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321249712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042262","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2262/pdf?version=1676878739","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2262/pdf?version=1676878739","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084801599","display_name":"Furao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Furao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460589","display_name":"Jianan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-9838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101195673","display_name":"Zhihong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089631680","display_name":"Jie Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0619-0338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049112222","display_name":"Peiyu Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4205-2533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiyu Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039088967","display_name":"Ruofei Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-4479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96852419","display_name":"Capital Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/005edt527","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruofei Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of 3D Information Acquisition and Application, MOE, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039088967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96852419"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.5248,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54852972,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"2262","last_page":"2262"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7564389109611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7182341814041138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.6408141255378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5651358366012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.5383554100990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.48525404930114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4541669487953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.44639715552330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44360560178756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.3669394850730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3255264163017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32306742668151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12079596519470215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7564389109611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7182341814041138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.6408141255378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5651358366012573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5383554100990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.48525404930114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4541669487953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.44639715552330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44360560178756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3669394850730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3255264163017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32306742668151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12079596519470215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2262/pdf?version=1676878739","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36850860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:uu-499308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-499308","pdf_url":"https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1747597/FULLTEXT01","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402042","display_name":"Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","host_organization_name":"Uppsala University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9964076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9964076","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9964076/pdf/sensors-23-02262.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:97c1e7b4cc2e43bdaa6f0d99bba5a435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/97c1e7b4cc2e43bdaa6f0d99bba5a435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 4, p 2262 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/4/2262/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042262","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042262","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2262/pdf?version=1676878739","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2124507429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3904101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335774","funder_display_name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3893600109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3904101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4469443707","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A20568","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7489226830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42101444","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335774","display_name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321249712.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W228642247","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1997975505","https://openalex.org/W2002556620","https://openalex.org/W2032354522","https://openalex.org/W2044432738","https://openalex.org/W2067713319","https://openalex.org/W2071354583","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2096856861","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2107179093","https://openalex.org/W2108069432","https://openalex.org/W2113650053","https://openalex.org/W2127642098","https://openalex.org/W2131171972","https://openalex.org/W2135268372","https://openalex.org/W2137513642","https://openalex.org/W2150581781","https://openalex.org/W2151686145","https://openalex.org/W2152417180","https://openalex.org/W2153276042","https://openalex.org/W2155408995","https://openalex.org/W2242240256","https://openalex.org/W2436494909","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2889161611","https://openalex.org/W2950642167","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2964062501","https://openalex.org/W3015235064","https://openalex.org/W3016733660","https://openalex.org/W4293680947","https://openalex.org/W4376043661","https://openalex.org/W6629999832","https://openalex.org/W6661431191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2979718872","https://openalex.org/W3158534694","https://openalex.org/W4290774832","https://openalex.org/W3206828132","https://openalex.org/W2811390910","https://openalex.org/W2146076056","https://openalex.org/W4293067784","https://openalex.org/W2144059113","https://openalex.org/W3003836766","https://openalex.org/W1964120219"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recognizing":[0],"traffic":[1,20,40,52,117,136],"signs":[2,21,53],"is":[3,60,67,78,83,119,121,138],"key":[4],"to":[5,50,69,104],"achieving":[6],"safe":[7],"automatic":[8],"driving.":[9],"With":[10],"the":[11,16,46,62,70,73,86,94,105,109,113,116,125,132,135,142,152,155,161,166,173],"decreasing":[12],"cost":[13],"of":[14,19,112,134,168],"LiDAR,":[15],"accurate":[17],"extraction":[18],"using":[22,141],"point":[23,36,110,169],"cloud":[24,37,111],"data":[25],"has":[26],"received":[27],"wide":[28],"attention.":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31,130],"study,":[32],"we":[33,44],"propose":[34],"combining":[35,124],"and":[38,80,147,171],"image":[39,126],"sign":[41,118,137],"extraction:":[42],"firstly,":[43],"use":[45],"improved":[47],"YoloV3":[48],"model":[49],"detect":[51],"in":[54,101],"panoramic":[55],"images.":[56],"The":[57],"specific":[58],"improvement":[59,100],"that":[61],"convolution":[63],"block":[64],"attention":[65],"module":[66],"added":[68],"algorithm":[71,77],"framework,":[72],"traditional":[74,153],"K-means":[75],"clustering":[76],"improved,":[79],"Focal":[81],"Loss":[82],"introduced":[84],"as":[85],"loss":[87],"function.":[88],"It":[89],"shows":[90],"higher":[91],"accuracy":[92,102,175],"on":[93],"TT100K":[95],"dataset,":[96],"with":[97,151],"a":[98],"1.4%":[99],"compared":[103],"previous":[106],"YoloV3.":[107],"Then,":[108],"area":[114],"where":[115],"located":[120],"extracted":[122,140],"by":[123,176],"detection":[127,163,174],"results.":[128],"On":[129],"basis,":[131],"outline":[133],"accurately":[139],"reflection":[143],"intensity,":[144],"spatial":[145],"geometry":[146],"other":[148],"information.":[149],"Compared":[150],"method,":[154],"proposed":[156],"method":[157],"can":[158],"effectively":[159],"reduce":[160],"missed":[162],"rate,":[164],"narrow":[165],"range":[167],"cloud,":[170],"improve":[172],"10.2%.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}