{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320921145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042147","title":"Sooty Tern Optimization Algorithm-Based Deep Learning Model for Diagnosing NSCLC Tumours","display_name":"Sooty Tern Optimization Algorithm-Based Deep Learning Model for Diagnosing NSCLC Tumours","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320921145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042147","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042147","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2147/pdf?version=1676369881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2147/pdf?version=1676369881","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052926022","display_name":"Muhammad Asim Saleem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2709-5508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158708052","display_name":"Chulalongkorn University","ror":"https://ror.org/028wp3y58","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asim Saleem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084747864","display_name":"Ngoc Thien Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1113-8756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158708052","display_name":"Chulalongkorn University","ror":"https://ror.org/028wp3y58","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ngoc Thien Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062552400","display_name":"Widhyakorn Asdornwised","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2639-3776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158708052","display_name":"Chulalongkorn University","ror":"https://ror.org/028wp3y58","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Widhyakorn Asdornwised","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043748658","display_name":"Surachai Chaitusaney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-3342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158708052","display_name":"Chulalongkorn University","ror":"https://ror.org/028wp3y58","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surachai Chaitusaney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066041117","display_name":"Ashir Javeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-3532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28166907","display_name":"Karolinska Institutet","ror":"https://ror.org/056d84691","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashir Javeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28166907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043931111","display_name":"Watit Benjapolakul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6134-7268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158708052","display_name":"Chulalongkorn University","ror":"https://ror.org/028wp3y58","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Watit Benjapolakul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Smart Grid Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043931111","https://openalex.org/A5062552400"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158708052"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":6.4235,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97069248,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"2147","last_page":"2147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"Lung cancer","score":0.7618584036827087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6194047331809998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5774995684623718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5363309383392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5323963761329651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4612627625465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.4278077781200409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4221016764640808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4220009446144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3397619426250458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.303847998380661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.22302240133285522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19055449962615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.12160617113113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.11709898710250854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.7618584036827087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6194047331809998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5774995684623718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5363309383392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5323963761329651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4612627625465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4278077781200409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4221016764640808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4220009446144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3397619426250458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.303847998380661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.22302240133285522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19055449962615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.12160617113113403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.11709898710250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046091","descriptor_name":"Charadriiformes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046091","descriptor_name":"Charadriiformes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046091","descriptor_name":"Charadriiformes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046091","descriptor_name":"Charadriiformes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042147","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2147/pdf?version=1676369881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36850744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9959990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9959990","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9959990/pdf/sensors-23-02147.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eba194072c514d23a2ecae26f93b32cc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eba194072c514d23a2ecae26f93b32cc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 4, p 2147 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/4/2147/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042147","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2147/pdf?version=1676369881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320921145.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991324991","https://openalex.org/W2394599079","https://openalex.org/W2610509602","https://openalex.org/W2734776202","https://openalex.org/W2766353760","https://openalex.org/W2789362948","https://openalex.org/W2801009187","https://openalex.org/W2897755679","https://openalex.org/W2897821359","https://openalex.org/W2899393783","https://openalex.org/W2943166903","https://openalex.org/W2944346324","https://openalex.org/W2963488165","https://openalex.org/W2971017576","https://openalex.org/W2997994114","https://openalex.org/W3015282954","https://openalex.org/W3039753000","https://openalex.org/W3087604859","https://openalex.org/W3095890025","https://openalex.org/W3145360051","https://openalex.org/W3183918117","https://openalex.org/W4224629853","https://openalex.org/W4281648329","https://openalex.org/W4281700889","https://openalex.org/W4281784333","https://openalex.org/W4282579864","https://openalex.org/W4286433291","https://openalex.org/W4290465800","https://openalex.org/W4292162820","https://openalex.org/W4293060041","https://openalex.org/W4318678031","https://openalex.org/W6783147448","https://openalex.org/W6811260549","https://openalex.org/W6841968844","https://openalex.org/W6842466609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064573700","https://openalex.org/W2967366602","https://openalex.org/W2376385980","https://openalex.org/W4379231730","https://openalex.org/W2075817938","https://openalex.org/W1496498748","https://openalex.org/W2129774558","https://openalex.org/W1997032381","https://openalex.org/W1979593122","https://openalex.org/W4389858081"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lung":[0],"cancer":[1,10,41,71,98,135],"is":[2,20,43,130],"one":[3],"of":[4,9,17,32,49,73,195,203],"the":[5,13,30,47,65,113,120,124,134,139,162,176,185,189,207],"most":[6],"common":[7],"causes":[8],"deaths":[11],"in":[12,37,60,144],"modern":[14],"world.":[15],"Screening":[16],"lung":[18,40,97,121,163,177],"nodules":[19,136,178],"essential":[21],"for":[22,45,93,108,132,156,173,211],"early":[23],"recognition":[24],"to":[25,69,117],"facilitate":[26],"treatment":[27],"that":[28,111],"improves":[29],"rate":[31,48],"patient":[33,50],"rehabilitation.":[34],"An":[35],"increase":[36],"accuracy":[38,202],"during":[39,188],"detection":[42],"vital":[44],"sustaining":[46],"persistence,":[51],"even":[52],"though":[53],"several":[54],"research":[55,62],"works":[56],"have":[57],"been":[58],"conducted":[59],"this":[61,196],"domain.":[63],"Moreover,":[64],"classical":[66],"system":[67],"fails":[68],"segment":[70],"cells":[72],"different":[74],"sizes":[75],"accurately":[76],"and":[77,170],"with":[78,101],"excellent":[79],"reliability.":[80],"This":[81],"paper":[82],"proposes":[83],"a":[84,151],"sooty":[85,125],"tern":[86,126],"optimization":[87,127],"algorithm-based":[88],"deep":[89],"learning":[90],"(DL)":[91],"model":[92,199],"diagnosing":[94,109,190],"non-small":[95],"cell":[96],"(NSCLC)":[99],"tumours":[100],"increased":[102],"accuracy.":[103,147],"We":[104],"discuss":[105],"various":[106],"algorithms":[107],"models":[110],"adopt":[112],"Otsu":[114],"segmentation":[115],"method":[116],"perfectly":[118],"isolate":[119],"nodules.":[122,164],"Then,":[123],"algorithm":[128],"(SHOA)":[129],"adopted":[131],"partitioning":[133],"by":[137],"defining":[138],"best":[140],"characteristics,":[141],"which":[142],"aids":[143],"improving":[145],"diagnostic":[146],"It":[148],"further":[149],"utilizes":[150],"local":[152],"binary":[153],"pattern":[154],"(LBP)":[155],"determining":[157],"appropriate":[158],"feature":[159],"retrieval":[160],"from":[161],"In":[165],"addition,":[166],"it":[167],"adopts":[168],"CNN":[169],"GRU-based":[171],"classifiers":[172],"identifying":[174],"whether":[175],"are":[179],"malignant":[180],"or":[181],"non-malignant":[182],"depending":[183],"on":[184],"features":[186],"retrieved":[187],"process.":[191],"The":[192],"experimental":[193],"results":[194],"SHOA-optimized":[197],"DNN":[198],"achieved":[200],"an":[201],"98.32%,":[204],"better":[205],"than":[206],"baseline":[208],"schemes":[209],"used":[210],"comparison.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
