{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320494068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042081","title":"Covert Channel Communication as an Emerging Security Threat in 2.5D/3D Integrated Systems","display_name":"Covert Channel Communication as an Emerging Security Threat in 2.5D/3D Integrated Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320494068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042081","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2081/pdf?version=1676269383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2081/pdf?version=1676269383","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039709669","display_name":"Ivan Miketic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4935-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Miketic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011121305","display_name":"Krithika Dhananjay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-1935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krithika Dhananjay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-1935","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061262597","display_name":"Emre Salman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6538-6803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emre Salman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061262597"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":4.366,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94373928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"2081","last_page":"2081"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.8720113039016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7418712973594666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7364479899406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6477586030960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5714377760887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.49883413314819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.46050378680229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.45268455147743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1995808482170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.07006993889808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.06925982236862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.06101179122924805}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.8720113039016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7418712973594666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7364479899406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6477586030960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5714377760887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49883413314819336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.46050378680229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.45268455147743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1995808482170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.07006993889808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.06925982236862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.06101179122924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2081/pdf?version=1676269383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36850679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9965571","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9965571","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9965571/pdf/sensors-23-02081.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a9ff49717aba4b51925726e80ced8557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a9ff49717aba4b51925726e80ced8557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 4, p 2081 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/4/2081/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2081/pdf?version=1676269383","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320494068.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":98,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1018939436","https://openalex.org/W1230022372","https://openalex.org/W1811605617","https://openalex.org/W1821496928","https://openalex.org/W1981844530","https://openalex.org/W1984549474","https://openalex.org/W1993704367","https://openalex.org/W2007395635","https://openalex.org/W2013066047","https://openalex.org/W2016713126","https://openalex.org/W2036329595","https://openalex.org/W2037322308","https://openalex.org/W2048956063","https://openalex.org/W2051668240","https://openalex.org/W2052734553","https://openalex.org/W2058459217","https://openalex.org/W2089935022","https://openalex.org/W2098228187","https://openalex.org/W2104182023","https://openalex.org/W2107348121","https://openalex.org/W2112353775","https://openalex.org/W2137500257","https://openalex.org/W2160602621","https://openalex.org/W2293242834","https://openalex.org/W2318649003","https://openalex.org/W2391144874","https://openalex.org/W2403172928","https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W2473397309","https://openalex.org/W2529912552","https://openalex.org/W2549387826","https://openalex.org/W2569698171","https://openalex.org/W2580980708","https://openalex.org/W2602650219","https://openalex.org/W2604388769","https://openalex.org/W2611887307","https://openalex.org/W2744703251","https://openalex.org/W2752483262","https://openalex.org/W2771853224","https://openalex.org/W2775425142","https://openalex.org/W2798507687","https://openalex.org/W2890909432","https://openalex.org/W2895779981","https://openalex.org/W2903056849","https://openalex.org/W2914223029","https://openalex.org/W2921035272","https://openalex.org/W2945476062","https://openalex.org/W2946670511","https://openalex.org/W2955158865","https://openalex.org/W2958623095","https://openalex.org/W2962789418","https://openalex.org/W2962909198","https://openalex.org/W2970793955","https://openalex.org/W2971213823","https://openalex.org/W2982042968","https://openalex.org/W2982768540","https://openalex.org/W2992966887","https://openalex.org/W3005923092","https://openalex.org/W3015690986","https://openalex.org/W3016064750","https://openalex.org/W3016874508","https://openalex.org/W3026248346","https://openalex.org/W3033201886","https://openalex.org/W3080132014","https://openalex.org/W3082788022","https://openalex.org/W3083775947","https://openalex.org/W3090894941","https://openalex.org/W3092581235","https://openalex.org/W3095614308","https://openalex.org/W3102860735","https://openalex.org/W3105103435","https://openalex.org/W3105177289","https://openalex.org/W3107082869","https://openalex.org/W3113745592","https://openalex.org/W3128700355","https://openalex.org/W3133415722","https://openalex.org/W3153001680","https://openalex.org/W3158891310","https://openalex.org/W3175162501","https://openalex.org/W3181370975","https://openalex.org/W3190249143","https://openalex.org/W3198109319","https://openalex.org/W3199545563","https://openalex.org/W4206364646","https://openalex.org/W4210370899","https://openalex.org/W4211095904","https://openalex.org/W4211130757","https://openalex.org/W4229440933","https://openalex.org/W4244395536","https://openalex.org/W4285237902","https://openalex.org/W4295974633","https://openalex.org/W4296473284","https://openalex.org/W4297909887","https://openalex.org/W4313639511","https://openalex.org/W6678770513","https://openalex.org/W6743549160","https://openalex.org/W6765142652","https://openalex.org/W6790918577"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2409612194","https://openalex.org/W4224042389","https://openalex.org/W2368824897","https://openalex.org/W1568579691","https://openalex.org/W1508050556","https://openalex.org/W20460883","https://openalex.org/W174282171","https://openalex.org/W1910862367","https://openalex.org/W2379365082","https://openalex.org/W2370747590"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,114],"this":[1],"paper,":[2,120],"first,":[3],"a":[4,20],"broad":[5],"overview":[6],"of":[7,41,69,77,118,123],"existing":[8,71,106],"covert":[9,17,78,103,107,137],"channel":[10,79,108,138],"communication-based":[11],"security":[12,72],"attacks":[13,80,125],"is":[14,36],"provided.":[15],"Such":[16],"channels":[18,104],"establish":[19],"communication":[21,87,95],"link":[22],"between":[23],"two":[24],"entities":[25],"that":[26],"are":[27,55,81,111,134,144],"not":[28],"authorized":[29],"to":[30,61,93],"share":[31],"data.":[32],"The":[33,74],"secret":[34,64],"data":[35,85,89],"encoded":[37],"into":[38],"different":[39],"forms":[40],"signals,":[42],"such":[43,83,124,130],"as":[44,84,131],"delay,":[45],"temperature,":[46],"or":[47],"hard":[48],"drive":[49],"location.":[50],"These":[51],"signals":[52],"and":[53,91,97,105],"information":[54],"then":[56],"decoded":[57],"by":[58],"the":[59,63,70,115,119,121],"receiver":[60],"retrieve":[62],"data,":[65],"thereby":[66],"mitigating":[67],"some":[68],"measures.":[73],"important":[75],"steps":[76],"described,":[82],"encoding,":[86],"protocol,":[88],"decoding,":[90],"models":[92,140],"estimate":[94],"bandwidth":[96],"bit":[98],"error":[99],"rate.":[100],"Countermeasures":[101],"against":[102],"detection":[109],"techniques":[110],"also":[112,145],"summarized.":[113],"second":[116],"part":[117],"implications":[122],"for":[126,141],"emerging":[127],"packaging":[128],"technologies,":[129],"2.5D/3D":[132,142],"integration":[133],"discussed.":[135],"Several":[136],"threat":[139],"ICs":[143],"proposed.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}