{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320495994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042063","title":"Load Estimation of Moving Passenger Cars Using Inductive-Loop Technology","display_name":"Load Estimation of Moving Passenger Cars Using Inductive-Loop Technology","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320495994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042063","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042063","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2063/pdf?version=1677049828","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2063/pdf?version=1677049828","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026587059","display_name":"Zbigniew Marsza\u0142ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-2710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zbigniew Marszalek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-2710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033243576","display_name":"Krzysztof Duda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3827-8553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krzysztof Duda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3827-8553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082430951","display_name":"Piotr Piwowar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2874-5090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piotr Piwowar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052543260","display_name":"Marek Stencel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7864-1516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marek Stencel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7864-1516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064143510","display_name":"Tadeusz \u017begle\u0144","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6778-7045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tadeusz Zeglen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Krakow, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010790996","display_name":"Jacek Izydorczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-8007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119004910","display_name":"Silesian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02dyjk442","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacek Izydorczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications and Teleinformatic, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-8007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications and Teleinformatic, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119004910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026587059"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1056,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72888138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"2063","last_page":"2063"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14304","display_name":"Transport Systems and Technology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14304","display_name":"Transport Systems and Technology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12907","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering and Vibrations Research","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/induction-loop","display_name":"Induction loop","score":0.6087344288825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6040504574775696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","score":0.5327738523483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.4384080767631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4204390048980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4088074862957001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.32118943333625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.19781950116157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.13134291768074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1308000683784485}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8406815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2163913","display_name":"Induction loop","level":3,"score":0.6087344288825989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6040504574775696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184670325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q512604","display_name":"Loop (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5327738523483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4384080767631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4204390048980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4088074862957001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.32118943333625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19781950116157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.13134291768074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1308000683784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042063","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2063/pdf?version=1677049828","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36850661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9967455","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9967455","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9967455/pdf/sensors-23-02063.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9dea4f2bb9e0459fa171e12e040fb322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9dea4f2bb9e0459fa171e12e040fb322","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 4, p 2063 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/4/2063/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23042063","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042063","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2063/pdf?version=1677049828","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320495994.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531991678","https://openalex.org/W1964146567","https://openalex.org/W1999567058","https://openalex.org/W2020781433","https://openalex.org/W2057301820","https://openalex.org/W2123680943","https://openalex.org/W2168249179","https://openalex.org/W2274775796","https://openalex.org/W2333293832","https://openalex.org/W2473196973","https://openalex.org/W2782702490","https://openalex.org/W2938105203","https://openalex.org/W2964579654","https://openalex.org/W3017420263","https://openalex.org/W3049535904","https://openalex.org/W3081707514","https://openalex.org/W3090368081","https://openalex.org/W3093639776","https://openalex.org/W3093895273","https://openalex.org/W3127323472","https://openalex.org/W3137938838","https://openalex.org/W3158291310","https://openalex.org/W3207464603","https://openalex.org/W3217111927","https://openalex.org/W4200301262","https://openalex.org/W4200527554","https://openalex.org/W4287396398","https://openalex.org/W4309613089","https://openalex.org/W4310230902","https://openalex.org/W4311144824"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366790106","https://openalex.org/W3031439938","https://openalex.org/W2078202596","https://openalex.org/W582307135","https://openalex.org/W2008756995","https://openalex.org/W2993337315","https://openalex.org/W319109556","https://openalex.org/W2360119033","https://openalex.org/W2369829167","https://openalex.org/W2753031548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,13,115,138,224],"their":[2],"lack":[3],"of":[4,28,45,63,122,135,173,189,192,200,205],"driving":[5],"controllability,":[6],"overweight":[7,31],"vehicles":[8],"are":[9,93],"a":[10,20,46,52,58,102,111,166,174,179],"big":[11],"threat":[12],"road":[14,40,87,225],"safety.":[15],"The":[16,43,120,133,197],"proposed":[17,124],"method":[18],"for":[19,96,109,213],"moving":[21,219],"passenger":[22,117],"car":[23],"load":[24,48,78,112,125,140,149,175],"estimation":[25,176],"is":[26,61,107,127,162],"capable":[27],"detecting":[29],"an":[30],"vehicle,":[32],"and":[33,91,227],"thus":[34],"it":[35],"finds":[36],"its":[37],"application":[38],"in":[39,65,85,130,156,194,210],"safety":[41,226],"improvement.":[42],"weight":[44],"car's":[47],"entering":[49],"or":[50],"leaving":[51],"considered":[53],"zone,":[54],"e.g.,":[55,68,218],"industrial":[56],"facility,":[57],"state,":[59],"etc.,":[60],"also":[62,81,92,163],"concern":[64],"many":[66],"applications,":[67],"surveillance.":[69],"Dedicated":[70],"vehicle":[71,103,118,152,220],"weight-in-motion":[72],"measurement":[73],"systems":[74],"generally":[75],"use":[76],"expensive":[77],"sensors":[79,169],"that":[80,146,165],"require":[82],"deep":[83],"intervention":[84],"the":[86,116,123,136,139,144,147,151,159,171,190,195,203,211],"while":[88],"being":[89],"installed":[90,209],"calibrated":[94],"only":[95],"heavy":[97],"trucks.":[98],"In":[99],"this":[100],"paper,":[101],"magnetic":[104],"profile":[105],"(VMP)":[106],"used":[108],"defining":[110],"parameter":[113,126],"proportional":[114],"load.":[119],"usefulness":[121],"experimentally":[128],"demonstrated":[129],"field":[131],"tests.":[132],"sensitivity":[134],"VMP":[137],"change":[141],"results":[142],"from":[143],"fact":[145],"higher":[148],"decreases":[150],"clearance":[153],"value":[154],"which":[155,185],"turn":[157],"increases":[158],"VMP.":[160],"It":[161],"shown":[164],"slim":[167],"inductive-loop":[168],"allows":[170,186],"building":[172],"system,":[177],"with":[178],"maximum":[180],"error":[181],"around":[182],"30":[183],"kg,":[184],"approximate":[187],"determination":[188],"number":[191],"passengers":[193],"car.":[196],"presented":[198],"proof":[199],"concept":[201],"extends":[202],"functionality":[204],"inductive":[206],"loops,":[207],"already":[208],"road,":[212],"acquiring":[214],"other":[215],"traffic":[216],"parameters,":[217],"axle-to-axle":[221],"distance":[222],"measurement,":[223],"surveillance":[228],"related":[229],"applications.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
