{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319600119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041894","title":"Real-Time Forest Fire Detection by Ensemble Lightweight YOLOX-L and Defogging Method","display_name":"Real-Time Forest Fire Detection by Ensemble Lightweight YOLOX-L and Defogging Method","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319600119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041894","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850496"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23041894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041894","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1894/pdf?version=1675847500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1894/pdf?version=1675847500","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031633071","display_name":"Jia\u2010Run Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7649-1006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiarun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061973931","display_name":"Zhili He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8225-7333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhili He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025343294","display_name":"Yuwei Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8244-8354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuwei Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101828080","display_name":"Hongguo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3530-5333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongguo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3530-5333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101828080"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":9.4409,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98999006,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"1894","last_page":"1894"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5647753477096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fire-detection","display_name":"Fire detection","score":0.5137578248977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4893188178539276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4512544870376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4311612546443939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3662233352661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10406962037086487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10323846340179443}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5647753477096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780836893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19922674","display_name":"Fire detection","level":2,"score":0.5137578248977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4893188178539276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4512544870376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4311612546443939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3662233352661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10406962037086487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10323846340179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23041894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041894","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1894/pdf?version=1675847500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36850496","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9960251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9960251","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9960251/pdf/sensors-23-01894.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:80d4009ef6434ba3bd0b32a0472bc18e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/80d4009ef6434ba3bd0b32a0472bc18e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 4, p 1894 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/4/1894/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23041894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041894","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1894/pdf?version=1675847500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319600119.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013346416","https://openalex.org/W2110730832","https://openalex.org/W2128254161","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2367261802","https://openalex.org/W2572703977","https://openalex.org/W2600244556","https://openalex.org/W2611822628","https://openalex.org/W2744404719","https://openalex.org/W2751420734","https://openalex.org/W2753601069","https://openalex.org/W2793947836","https://openalex.org/W2834632380","https://openalex.org/W2971221568","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2989686920","https://openalex.org/W3029452274","https://openalex.org/W3035414587","https://openalex.org/W3088364539","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3165545415","https://openalex.org/W3214256470","https://openalex.org/W4207031702","https://openalex.org/W6739901393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2737803289","https://openalex.org/W2169359701","https://openalex.org/W2116047388","https://openalex.org/W2022420161","https://openalex.org/W4362653472","https://openalex.org/W2126095845","https://openalex.org/W2021090884","https://openalex.org/W2070484211","https://openalex.org/W2037995797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forest":[0],"fires":[1],"can":[2,212,244],"destroy":[3],"forest":[4,13,32,52,70,115,153,215,234,247,284],"and":[5,25,67,103,109,127,140,168,188,226,268],"inflict":[6],"great":[7],"damage":[8],"to":[9,83,87,112,135,145],"the":[10,30,79,85,93,107,114,118,123,137,147,158,161,169,189,197,210,260,279],"ecosystem.":[11],"Fortunately,":[12],"fire":[14,27,33,53,71,116,154,216,235,248,285],"detection":[15,34,54,72,138,236,287],"with":[16,220,239,249],"video":[17,286],"has":[18,259],"achieved":[19],"remarkable":[20],"results":[21],"in":[22,117,206,217,253],"enabling":[23],"timely":[24],"accurate":[26],"warnings.":[28],"However,":[29],"traditional":[31],"method":[35,237],"relies":[36],"heavily":[37],"on":[38,151],"artificially":[39],"designed":[40],"features;":[41],"CNN-based":[42],"methods":[43],"require":[44],"a":[45,64,89,207,214,221,232,246,250,264,269,282],"large":[46],"number":[47,159],"of":[48,96,125,160,163,176,186,192,262,281],"parameters.":[49],"In":[50],"addition,":[51],"is":[55,75,178,181,194,201],"easily":[56],"disturbed":[57],"by":[58,98,166,172],"fog.":[59],"To":[60,121],"solve":[61],"these":[62],"issues,":[63],"lightweight":[65,94,148,233],"YOLOX-L":[66,97],"defogging":[68],"algorithm-based":[69],"method,":[73],"GXLD,":[74,128],"proposed.":[76],"GXLD":[77,177,193,211,243,258],"uses":[78],"dark":[80],"channel":[81],"prior":[82],"defog":[84],"image":[86,199],"obtain":[88,106],"fog-free":[90,119],"image.":[91,120],"After":[92],"improvement":[95],"GhostNet,":[99],"depth":[100],"separable":[101],"convolution,":[102],"SENet,":[104],"we":[105],"YOLOX-L-Light":[108,126,164],"use":[110],"it":[111,275],"detect":[113,213,245],"evaluate":[122,136,146],"performance":[124],"mean":[129],"average":[130,190],"precision":[131],"(mAP)":[132],"was":[133],"used":[134,144],"accuracy,":[139,223],"network":[141],"parameters":[142,162],"were":[143],"effect.":[149],"Experiments":[150],"our":[152],"dataset":[155],"show":[156],"that":[157,185],"decreased":[165],"92.6%,":[167],"mAP":[170,175],"increased":[171],"1.96%.":[173],"The":[174,256],"87.47%,":[179],"which":[180,273],"2.46%":[182],"higher":[183],"than":[184],"YOLOX-L;":[187],"fps":[191],"26.33":[195],"when":[196],"input":[198],"size":[200],"1280":[202],"\u00d7":[203],"720.":[204],"Even":[205],"foggy":[208],"environment,":[209],"real":[218,254],"time":[219],"high":[222,251,265,270],"target":[224,227,266,271],"confidence,":[225,267],"integrity.":[228],"This":[229],"research":[230],"proposes":[231],"(GXLD)":[238],"fog":[240],"removal.":[241],"Therefore,":[242],"accuracy":[252],"time.":[255],"proposed":[257],"advantages":[261],"defogging,":[263],"integrity,":[272],"makes":[274],"more":[276],"suitable":[277],"for":[278],"development":[280],"modern":[283],"system.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}