{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319601561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041881","title":"Physical-Layer Security with Irregular Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G Networks","display_name":"Physical-Layer Security with Irregular Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for 6G Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319601561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041881","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23041881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041881","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1881/pdf?version=1676010658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1881/pdf?version=1676010658","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078977333","display_name":"Emmanuel Obeng Frimpong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145808223","display_name":"Hanbat National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x514t95","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Obeng Frimpong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligence Media Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligence Media Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077255620","display_name":"Bong-Hwan Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-6340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bong-Hwan Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Internet of Things, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, No. 111, Taicang Avenue, Taicang, Suzhou 215488, China","School of Internet of Things, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, No. 111, Taicang Avenue, Taicang, Suzhou 215488, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-6340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, No. 111, Taicang Avenue, Taicang, Suzhou 215488, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Internet of Things, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, No. 111, Taicang Avenue, Taicang, Suzhou 215488, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379039","display_name":"Taehoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-118X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145808223","display_name":"Hanbat National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x514t95","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Taehoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9353-118X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072052022","display_name":"Inkyu Bang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7109-1999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145808223","display_name":"Hanbat National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x514t95","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Inkyu Bang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligence Media Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7109-1999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligence Media Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072052022","https://openalex.org/A5100379039"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145808223"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.4756,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81519284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"1881","last_page":"1881"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.8070309162139893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7390152215957642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.6238520741462708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6015864610671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5368495583534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4948367476463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4203988313674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3895896375179291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36080724000930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.19602522253990173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17946311831474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.16962188482284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1429186761379242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08362731337547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08298540115356445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.8070309162139893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7390152215957642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.6238520741462708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6015864610671997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5368495583534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4948367476463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4203988313674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3895896375179291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36080724000930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.19602522253990173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17946311831474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.16962188482284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1429186761379242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08362731337547302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08298540115356445}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23041881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041881","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1881/pdf?version=1676010658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36850480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36850480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9962716","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9962716","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9962716/pdf/sensors-23-01881.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e38ad29b86b4412aab1a98654b2a4719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e38ad29b86b4412aab1a98654b2a4719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 4, p 1881 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/4/1881/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23041881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23041881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041881","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1881/pdf?version=1676010658","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1580648380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022R1F1A1076126","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319601561.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2054568006","https://openalex.org/W2110836275","https://openalex.org/W2119523314","https://openalex.org/W2129766733","https://openalex.org/W2146427804","https://openalex.org/W2890677986","https://openalex.org/W2949670636","https://openalex.org/W2963907541","https://openalex.org/W2975790550","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W3003553362","https://openalex.org/W3004201425","https://openalex.org/W3006762012","https://openalex.org/W3040918692","https://openalex.org/W3048090405","https://openalex.org/W3089319020","https://openalex.org/W3103493968","https://openalex.org/W3129986832","https://openalex.org/W3159402647","https://openalex.org/W3161594686","https://openalex.org/W3165173280","https://openalex.org/W3179825402","https://openalex.org/W3197291480","https://openalex.org/W3197935617","https://openalex.org/W3198290069","https://openalex.org/W3202611610","https://openalex.org/W3202943682","https://openalex.org/W3210073225","https://openalex.org/W4210311042","https://openalex.org/W4214923099","https://openalex.org/W4220697450","https://openalex.org/W4226061238","https://openalex.org/W4285116427","https://openalex.org/W4296079562","https://openalex.org/W4313066240"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976511355","https://openalex.org/W3002922334","https://openalex.org/W2546886435","https://openalex.org/W2964243519","https://openalex.org/W2587236994","https://openalex.org/W4297954254","https://openalex.org/W2784226711","https://openalex.org/W2084249028","https://openalex.org/W1498826097","https://openalex.org/W1892892095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,75],"goal":[1],"of":[2,50,59,78,91,107,126,176,211,219],"6G":[3],"is":[4,45,81],"to":[5,39,82,139,151,166,184,199],"make":[6],"far-reaching":[7],"changes":[8],"in":[9,102,123,179,203],"communication":[10,100],"systems":[11,214],"with":[12,104,118],"stricter":[13],"demands,":[14],"such":[15,30],"as":[16,31],"high":[17],"throughput,":[18],"extremely":[19],"low":[20],"latency,":[21],"stronger":[22],"security,":[23],"and":[24,157,207],"ubiquitous":[25],"connectivity.":[26],"Several":[27],"promising":[28],"techniques,":[29],"reconfigurable":[32],"intelligent":[33],"surfaces":[34],"(RISs),":[35],"have":[36],"been":[37],"introduced":[38],"achieve":[40],"these":[41],"goals.":[42],"An":[43],"RIS":[44,73,92,155],"a":[46,88,99,110,115,119,127,135,147,216],"2D":[47],"low-cost":[48],"array":[49],"reflecting":[51,85],"elements":[52,86],"that":[53,190],"can":[54,194],"adjust":[55],"the":[56,105,124,141,154,158,168,173,177,209],"electromagnetic":[57],"properties":[58],"an":[60,71,79,108,185,192],"incident":[61],"signal.":[62],"In":[63,94],"this":[64,95,131],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,97,133,162],"guarantee":[67],"secrecy":[68,142,204],"by":[69],"using":[70],"irregular":[72],"(IRIS).":[74],"main":[76],"idea":[77],"IRIS":[80,178,193],"irregularly":[83],"activate":[84],"for":[87],"given":[89],"number":[90,218],"elements.":[93],"work,":[96],"consider":[98],"scenario":[101],"which,":[103],"aid":[106],"IRIS,":[109],"multi-antenna":[111],"base":[112],"station":[113],"establishes":[114],"secure":[116,181],"link":[117],"legitimate":[120],"single-antenna":[121,128],"user":[122],"presence":[125],"eavesdropper.":[129],"To":[130],"end,":[132],"formulate":[134],"topology-and-precoding":[136],"optimization":[137],"problem":[138],"maximize":[140],"rate.":[143],"We":[144],"then":[145],"propose":[146],"Tabu":[148],"search-based":[149],"algorithm":[150],"jointly":[152],"optimize":[153],"topology":[156],"precoding":[159],"design.":[160],"Finally,":[161],"present":[163],"simulation":[164],"results":[165,188],"validate":[167],"proposed":[169],"algorithm,":[170],"which":[171],"highlights":[172],"performance":[174,205],"gain":[175],"improving":[180],"transmissions":[182],"compared":[183],"RIS.":[186],"Our":[187],"show":[189],"exploiting":[191],"allow":[195],"additional":[196],"spatial":[197],"diversity":[198],"be":[200],"achieved,":[201],"resulting":[202],"improvement":[206],"overcoming":[208],"limitations":[210],"conventional":[212],"RIS-assisted":[213],"(e.g.,":[215],"large":[217],"active":[220],"elements).":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-09T15:46:55.921056","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}