{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319160685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031671","title":"Design, Implementation, and Empirical Validation of a Framework for Remote Car Driving Using a Commercial Mobile Network","display_name":"Design, Implementation, and Empirical Validation of a Framework for Remote Car Driving Using a Commercial Mobile Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319160685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031671","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031671","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1671/pdf?version=1675387665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1671/pdf?version=1675387665","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013529288","display_name":"Javier S\u00e1ez-P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-9798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javier Saez-Perez","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, High St., Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2114-9798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, High St., Paisley PA1 2BE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341330","display_name":"Qi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-9858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, High St., Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7764-9858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, High St., Paisley PA1 2BE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049376858","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Alcaraz Calero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-7595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose M. Alcaraz-Calero","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, High St., Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-7595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, High St., Paisley PA1 2BE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079599826","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-3055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","display_name":"University of Alicante","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8bcz72","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Garcia-Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dpt. Computer Technology and Computation, University of Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-3055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dpt. Computer Technology and Computation, University of Alicante, Carr. de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100341330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82138842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"1671","last_page":"1671"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.7575101852416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6961848735809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.48782971501350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.47338953614234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4482094943523407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4388417899608612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-control","display_name":"Remote control","score":0.4385804235935211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3540750741958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.3281365633010864}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.7575101852416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6961848735809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.48782971501350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.47338953614234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4482094943523407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4388417899608612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557691694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185091","display_name":"Remote control","level":2,"score":0.4385804235935211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3540750741958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3281365633010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031671","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1671/pdf?version=1675387665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36772711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/9e90551e-dd31-450f-ac9b-62ae1ea6bc45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research-portal.uws.ac.uk/en/publications/9e90551e-dd31-450f-ac9b-62ae1ea6bc45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055384","display_name":"The UWS Academic Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Saez-Perez, J, Wang, Q, Alcaraz-Calero, J M & Garcia-Rodriguez, J 2023, 'Design, implementation, and empirical validation of a framework for remote car driving using a commercial mobile network', Sensors, vol. 23, no. 3, 1671. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031671","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.aston.ac.uk:47446","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.aston.ac.uk/view/author/1ff1b7d3041507cb61d816b684863ed5.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400483","display_name":"Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","host_organization_name":"Aston University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9920939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9920939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:674bb461ea674ae3a47eaaa7c31e68f9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/674bb461ea674ae3a47eaaa7c31e68f9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 3, p 1671 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/3/1671/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rua.ua.es:10045/131844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10045/131844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400416","display_name":"Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Alicante (Universidad de Alicante)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130194489","host_organization_name":"University of Alicante","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130194489"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031671","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1671/pdf?version=1675387665","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319160685.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490384990","https://openalex.org/W2135874613","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2586459757","https://openalex.org/W2624944960","https://openalex.org/W2758832396","https://openalex.org/W2798302089","https://openalex.org/W2884877436","https://openalex.org/W2905173465","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2937051932","https://openalex.org/W2966299732","https://openalex.org/W3092475999","https://openalex.org/W3216769600","https://openalex.org/W4295719664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382644535","https://openalex.org/W2522768275","https://openalex.org/W2352938035","https://openalex.org/W2351672553","https://openalex.org/W2373392303","https://openalex.org/W2765894405","https://openalex.org/W1884735063","https://openalex.org/W2372668238","https://openalex.org/W2301687455","https://openalex.org/W1010711799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,15,32,44,53,67,116,161],"fact":[2],"that":[3,63,95],"autonomous":[4],"driving":[5,83,98,121,134,171],"systems":[6],"are":[7,92],"progressing":[8],"in":[9,80,115,124,169],"terms":[10],"of":[11,17,34,40,52,69,109],"their":[12],"automation":[13],"levels,":[14],"achievement":[16,68],"fully":[18,70],"self-driving":[19,72],"cars":[20,29,84],"is":[21,61,106],"still":[22],"far":[23],"from":[24],"realization.":[25],"Currently,":[26],"most":[27],"new":[28],"accord":[30],"with":[31],"Society":[33],"Automotive":[35],"Engineers":[36],"(SAE)":[37],"Level":[38],"2":[39],"automation,":[41],"which":[42,81],"requires":[43],"driver":[45],"to":[46,49,148,159,165],"be":[47,77,86],"able":[48],"take":[50],"control":[51],"car":[54,73],"when":[55],"needed:":[56],"for":[57,99,119,132],"this":[58,125,184],"reason,":[59],"it":[60],"believed":[62],"between":[64],"now":[65],"and":[66,112,154,164,176,187],"automated":[71],"systems,":[74],"there":[75,91,105],"will":[76,85],"a":[78,87,107,129,138,141,149],"transition,":[79],"remote":[82,97,120,133],"reality.":[88],"In":[89],"addition,":[90],"tele-operation-use":[93],"cases":[94],"require":[96],"health":[100],"or":[101],"safety":[102],"reasons.":[103],"However,":[104],"lack":[108],"detailed":[110,180],"design":[111],"implementation":[113],"available":[114],"public":[117],"domain":[118],"cars:":[122],"therefore,":[123],"work":[126],"we":[127],"propose":[128],"functional":[130],"framework":[131],"vehicles.":[135],"We":[136],"implemented":[137],"prototype,":[139],"using":[140],"commercial":[142,150],"car.":[143],"The":[144,173],"prototype":[145],"was":[146],"connected":[147],"4G/5G":[151],"mobile":[152],"network,":[153],"empirical":[155,177],"experiments":[156],"were":[157],"conducted,":[158],"validate":[160],"prototype's":[162],"functions,":[163],"evaluate":[166],"its":[167],"performance":[168],"real-world":[170],"conditions.":[172],"design,":[174],"implementation,":[175],"evaluation":[178],"provided":[179],"technical":[181],"insights":[182],"into":[183],"important":[185],"research":[186],"innovation":[188],"area.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}