{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319157957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031668","title":"SAR Target Recognition with Limited Training Samples in Open Set Conditions","display_name":"SAR Target Recognition with Limited Training Samples in Open Set Conditions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319157957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031668","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772708"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031668","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1668/pdf?version=1675764106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1668/pdf?version=1675764106","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037206894","display_name":"Xiangyu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6404-1098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376931","display_name":"Yifan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-1074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088681823","display_name":"Di Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0539-9279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082516487","display_name":"Qianru Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-2382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qianru Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082516487"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.869,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77658753,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"1668","last_page":"1668"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7289657592773438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6786057353019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6449888944625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6403209567070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5377002358436584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5219326019287109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.5161482095718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4832247197628021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.48056796193122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.46815207600593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.44897618889808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4364238381385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4258680045604706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.4209707975387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3991818130016327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3251544237136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2784838080406189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09126147627830505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7289657592773438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6786057353019714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6449888944625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6403209567070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5377002358436584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5219326019287109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.5161482095718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4832247197628021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.48056796193122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.46815207600593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.44897618889808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4364238381385803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4258680045604706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4209707975387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3991818130016327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3251544237136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2784838080406189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09126147627830505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031668","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1668/pdf?version=1675764106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36772708","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9920332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9920332","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9920332/pdf/sensors-23-01668.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dec0ebeeb3a44e3281db5710666dd3ea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dec0ebeeb3a44e3281db5710666dd3ea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 3, p 1668 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/3/1668/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031668","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1668/pdf?version=1675764106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7729936693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62001386","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319157957.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W572355794","https://openalex.org/W2119880843","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2363466653","https://openalex.org/W2418213296","https://openalex.org/W2601450892","https://openalex.org/W2604763608","https://openalex.org/W2611361910","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2767966434","https://openalex.org/W2900734375","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2914204846","https://openalex.org/W2943605315","https://openalex.org/W2962895018","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W2963341924","https://openalex.org/W2964105864","https://openalex.org/W2971884209","https://openalex.org/W3013485959","https://openalex.org/W3034637015","https://openalex.org/W3088491794","https://openalex.org/W3122279293","https://openalex.org/W3169150642","https://openalex.org/W3186409694","https://openalex.org/W3194531425","https://openalex.org/W4210257598","https://openalex.org/W4289656492","https://openalex.org/W4296101272","https://openalex.org/W4296742156","https://openalex.org/W4303982493","https://openalex.org/W6707563842","https://openalex.org/W6717697761","https://openalex.org/W6735236233","https://openalex.org/W6783678730","https://openalex.org/W6796400388"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2886347302","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W1545594509","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W1988723959","https://openalex.org/W2053024573","https://openalex.org/W4387802373","https://openalex.org/W2773828237","https://openalex.org/W4319779178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,39,104,143],"difficult":[2],"to":[3,77,112,136],"collect":[4],"training":[5,29,80,122],"samples":[6,76],"for":[7,63,85,102,166,179,186,195,200,207],"all":[8],"types":[9],"of":[10,36,49,75,92,115,169],"synthetic":[11],"aperture":[12],"radar":[13],"(SAR)":[14],"targets.":[15,181],"A":[16],"realistic":[17,90],"problem":[18],"comes":[19],"when":[20],"unseen":[21,118,139,173,180,196],"categories":[22,119,174],"exist":[23],"that":[24,70,158],"are":[25,59,81],"not":[26,61,83],"included":[27],"in":[28,79],"and":[30,109,117,124,172,175,205],"benchmark":[31],"data":[32],"at":[33],"the":[34,47,89,138,146,154,167,192,201,208],"time":[35],"recognition,":[37],"which":[38],"defined":[40],"as":[41],"open":[42],"set":[43],"recognition":[44,164,184,193],"(OSR).":[45],"Without":[46],"aid":[48],"side-information,":[50],"generalized":[51],"OSR":[52,68,100],"methods":[53,69],"used":[54],"on":[55,153],"ordinary":[56],"optical":[57],"images":[58,87],"usually":[60],"suitable":[62,84],"SAR":[64,86,103],"images.":[65],"In":[66,95],"addition,":[67],"require":[71],"a":[72,98,162],"large":[73],"number":[74],"participate":[78],"also":[82],"with":[88,120],"situation":[91],"collection":[93],"difficulty.":[94],"this":[96,159],"regard,":[97],"task-oriented":[99],"method":[101,131,160],"proposed":[105],"by":[106,145],"distribution":[107],"construction":[108,142],"relation":[110],"measures":[111],"recognize":[113],"targets":[114,168,188,197],"seen":[116,171,187],"limited":[121],"samples,":[123],"without":[125],"any":[126],"other":[127],"simulation":[128],"information.":[129],"The":[130,150],"can":[132],"judge":[133],"category":[134],"similarity":[135],"explain":[137],"category.":[140],"Distribution":[141],"realized":[144],"graph":[147],"convolutional":[148],"network.":[149],"experimental":[151],"results":[152],"MSTAR":[155],"dataset":[156],"show":[157],"has":[161],"good":[163],"effect":[165],"both":[170],"excellent":[176],"interpretation":[177],"ability":[178],"Specifically,":[182],"while":[183],"accuracy":[185,194],"remains":[189],"above":[190],"95%,":[191],"reaches":[198],"67%":[199],"three-type":[202],"classification":[203,210],"problem,":[204],"53%":[206],"five-type":[209],"problem.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}