{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318480174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031534","title":"Advanced Energy Management Strategy of Photovoltaic/PEMFC/Lithium-Ion Batteries/Supercapacitors Hybrid Renewable Power System Using White Shark Optimizer","display_name":"Advanced Energy Management Strategy of Photovoltaic/PEMFC/Lithium-Ion Batteries/Supercapacitors Hybrid Renewable Power System Using White Shark Optimizer","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318480174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031534","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031534","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1534/pdf?version=1675417499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1534/pdf?version=1675417499","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090139718","display_name":"Hesham Alhumade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9382-242X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hesham Alhumade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","K. A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9382-242X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"K. A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086816810","display_name":"Hegazy Rezk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-2744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89466785","display_name":"Minia University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hcv4z63","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89466785"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hegazy Rezk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering in Wadi Alddawasir, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Alddawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia","Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-2744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering in Wadi Alddawasir, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Alddawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89466785"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063980079","display_name":"Mohamed Louzazni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0686-0426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125507","display_name":"Chouaib Doukkali University","ror":"https://ror.org/036kgyt43","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Louzazni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science Engineer Laboratory for Energy, National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University of El Jadida, El Jadida 24000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0686-0426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science Engineer Laboratory for Energy, National School of Applied Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University of El Jadida, El Jadida 24000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101686792","display_name":"Iqbal Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0734-3642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iqbal Ahmed Moujdin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0734-3642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014411576","display_name":"Saad Al-Shahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4182-1310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Al-Shahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063980079","https://openalex.org/A5086816810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572","https://openalex.org/I4210125507","https://openalex.org/I89466785"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.4737,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92739757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"1534","last_page":"1534"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercapacitor","display_name":"Supercapacitor","score":0.8088658452033997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cell","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","score":0.6491442918777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.6163941025733948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.5740072131156921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.5479757785797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.500767707824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.47484973073005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.43198031187057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.4309502840042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.41963914036750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3295783996582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.31035810708999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.30963194370269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2486211657524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.21266350150108337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.12734952569007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-engineering","display_name":"Chemical engineering","score":0.11953422427177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.10312333703041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cells","display_name":"Fuel cells","score":0.10215878486633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08538362383842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07947009801864624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6585489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754523","display_name":"Supercapacitor","level":4,"score":0.8088658452033997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132319479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899619","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","level":3,"score":0.6491442918777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.6163941025733948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.5740072131156921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5479757785797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.500767707824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.47484973073005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.43198031187057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.4309502840042114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.41963914036750793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3295783996582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31035810708999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.30963194370269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2486211657524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.21266350150108337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.12734952569007874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11953422427177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.10312333703041077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.10215878486633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08538362383842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07947009801864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031534","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1534/pdf?version=1675417499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36772570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36772570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9919960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9919960","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9919960/pdf/sensors-23-01534.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bca02bcb34514229b20d33657395891a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bca02bcb34514229b20d33657395891a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 3, p 1534 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/23/3/1534/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23031534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031534","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/3/1534/pdf?version=1675417499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6911033054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IFPRC-78-135-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","funder_display_name":"King Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322322","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4318480174.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W424832857","https://openalex.org/W1991617035","https://openalex.org/W2023247191","https://openalex.org/W2024989408","https://openalex.org/W2046605692","https://openalex.org/W2062445356","https://openalex.org/W2196218995","https://openalex.org/W2339660689","https://openalex.org/W2516452596","https://openalex.org/W2525707554","https://openalex.org/W2561145466","https://openalex.org/W2623427496","https://openalex.org/W2787664378","https://openalex.org/W2796210679","https://openalex.org/W2981524015","https://openalex.org/W2997319916","https://openalex.org/W2999896566","https://openalex.org/W3005440604","https://openalex.org/W3007188967","https://openalex.org/W3015720363","https://openalex.org/W3022510065","https://openalex.org/W3085329480","https://openalex.org/W3122486491","https://openalex.org/W3135167808","https://openalex.org/W3173872789","https://openalex.org/W3192358885","https://openalex.org/W4200031948","https://openalex.org/W4213080281","https://openalex.org/W4220789787","https://openalex.org/W4225137455","https://openalex.org/W4226394143","https://openalex.org/W4283709045","https://openalex.org/W4285103644","https://openalex.org/W4293795819"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210780382","https://openalex.org/W2057975886","https://openalex.org/W4308700935","https://openalex.org/W1574359403","https://openalex.org/W2333017163","https://openalex.org/W2347673489","https://openalex.org/W2964937504","https://openalex.org/W2169268775","https://openalex.org/W3013373080","https://openalex.org/W2371966636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,63,77,103,119],"slow":[1],"dynamic":[2],"response":[3],"of":[4,79,89],"a":[5,35],"proton":[6],"exchange":[7],"membrane":[8],"fuel":[9,115],"cell":[10],"(PEMFC)":[11],"to":[12,110,142],"high":[13],"load":[14,67],"change":[15],"during":[16],"deficit":[17],"periods":[18],"must":[19,81],"be":[20,82],"considered.":[21],"Therefore,":[22],"integrating":[23],"the":[24,41,51,66,70,87,143,166],"hybrid":[25],"system":[26],"with":[27,159,176],"energy":[28,45,96,130],"storage":[29,33],"devices":[30],"like":[31],"battery":[32],"and/or":[34],"supercapacitor":[36],"is":[37],"necessary.":[38],"To":[39],"reduce":[40],"consumed":[42],"hydrogen,":[43],"an":[44],"management":[46],"strategy":[47,126,132],"(EMS)":[48],"based":[49],"on":[50],"white":[52],"shark":[53],"optimizer":[54],"(WSO)":[55],"for":[56],"photovoltaic/PEMFC/lithium-ion":[57],"batteries/supercapacitors":[58],"microgrid":[59],"has":[60,149],"been":[61,150],"developed.":[62],"EMSs":[64,80,112,121],"distribute":[65],"demand":[68],"among":[69],"photovoltaic,":[71],"PEMFC,":[72],"lithium-ion":[73],"batteries,":[74],"and":[75,117,134,155,162,172,179],"supercapacitors.":[76],"design":[78],"such":[83],"that":[84,94],"it":[85],"minimizes":[86],"use":[88],"hydrogen":[90,114,147],"while":[91],"simultaneously":[92],"ensuring":[93],"each":[95],"source":[97],"performs":[98],"inside":[99],"its":[100],"own":[101],"parameters.":[102],"recommended":[104],"EMS-based-WSO":[105],"was":[106],"evaluated":[107],"in":[108],"regard":[109],"other":[111],"regarding":[113],"consumption":[116],"effectiveness.":[118],"considered":[120],"are":[122],"state":[123],"machine":[124],"control":[125],"(SMCS),":[127],"classical":[128],"external":[129],"maximization":[131],"(EEMS),":[133],"optimized":[135],"EEMS-based":[136,145],"particle":[137],"swarm":[138],"optimization":[139],"(PSO).":[140],"Thanks":[141],"proposed":[144],"WSO,":[146],"utilization":[148],"reduced":[151],"by":[152,169],"34.17%,":[153],"29.47%,":[154],"2.1%,":[156],"respectively,":[157,174],"compared":[158,175],"SMCS,":[160,177],"EEMS,":[161,178],"PSO.":[163,180],"In":[164],"addition,":[165],"efficiency":[167],"increased":[168],"6.05%,":[170],"9.5%,":[171],"0.33%,":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}